Hepatitis in babies

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, almost always with hepatitis B. In the United States it is usually the mother source of infection of the newborn. Usually the child is infected during birth, not during pregnancy because the virus hardly crosses the placenta. After the birth, the less the likelihood of infection from the mother.

Symptoms and diagnosis in the majority of infants infected with hepatitis B develop chronic inflammation of the liver (chronic hepatitis) in which there is usually no symptoms until young adulthood. However, the disease is dangerous, a quarter of infected will probably die due to liver disease. Sometimes a child may increase the liver, an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), and elevated bilirubin in the blood causing jaundice. Prognosis and treatment of long-term prognosis is unknown. Infection with hepatitis B virus from newborns later increases the likelihood of liver disease, such as active hepatitis, cirrhosis or liver cancer. Pregnant women are regularly tested for the presence of hepatitis B. As a child infected mothers not normally infected by childbirth, giving him injections of hepatitis B immunoglobulin 24 hours after birth when the infection has not yet been confirmed. This process protects the child temporarily, and at the same time vaccination against hepatitis B, which provides long-term protection.seems to be feeding the child on the chest is not significantly higher risk of contracting hepatitis B, especially if the child has received the vaccine and immunoglobulins. However, if there is damage to the nipples or other breast disease, there is a likelihood of transmission of the virus to the baby. Newborn with chronic hepatitis with no symptoms of the disease is not treated. Infants with symptoms of hepatitis are provided supportive measures.

Jaundice in newborns

The term hyperbilirubinemia indicates abnormally high bilirubin levels. Old, damaged or abnormal red blood cells are removed from the circulation, mainly in the spleen. In this process of hemoglobin (the protein of red blood cells that carries oxygen) into a yellow pigment called bilirubin. Bilirubin circulation leads to the liver where it is chemically changed (conjugate) and so is excreted into the intestine as part of bile.

In most infants coming to the transient increase in bilirubin levels in the first few days of life, which makes the skin yellow (jaundice). In adults, the breakdown of bilirubin in the intestine performed bacteria normally found there. In newborns lack the bacteria and excreted in the faeces much bilirubin why she Light Yellow. Moreover, the newborn intestine is an enzyme that changes the bilirubin in this way to facilitate the re-absorption (reabsorption) in the blood and contributes to the development of jaundice.Increase in the level of bilirubin in the blood, jaundice becomes apparent, first on the face, then on his chest and then to his feet. Hyperbilirubinemia and visible jaundice usually disappear after the first week of life.Very high bilirubin levels are the result of increased production, scarce drainage or both. Sometimes, in healthy term infants in the natural diet (chest) during the first week, there's a growing appreciation of bilirubin in the blood, a condition known as jaundice lactation. The exact cause of this condition is not completely known. Lactation jaundice is usually harmless. If they become extremely high bilirubin can be applied to blue light. Hiperbihrubinemija usually of no consequence, but in some rare cases, very high values ​​of bilirubin can cause brain damage. The condition is known as kernikterus, and is most common in very immature and ill premature infants. treatment of hyperbilirubinemia mild hyperbilirubinemia should not be treated. Frequent feeding in newborn accelerates intestinal transit by reducing the reabsorption of bilirubin from the intestine and thus its level in the blood. At higher values ​​implemented phototherapy, in whom this procedure exposes the newborn blue light. Illumination child's skin occur due to chemical changes in molecules of bilirubin in the subcutaneous tissue. That changed bilirubin is excreted more easily without having to conjugate in the liver. If the bilirubin level is dangerously high blood newborn replaced by fresh (eksangvinotransfuzija which removes bilirubin). When jaundice lactation diet on breast rarely break at 1-2 days and only at extremely high bilirubin. Mother of the time regularly issues, so that the child can be put back on the chest, as bilirubin begin to fall. Returning to his chest poses no risk to the baby.

Learning problems in children

Learning disabilities are disorders acquisition, retention or use of the skills and information due to lack of attention, memory and judgment that undermines the success of education.

There are different types of learning difficulties, with different causes. It is believed that the basis of all disorders determined abnormality of brain function. It is estimated that 3% - 15% of children in the U.S. have learning difficulties and need to apply some form of special education. Boys 5 times more likely to have these problems than girls. Symptoms little child with learning disabilities often have difficulty with coordination of vision movements and awkward in physical activities such as cutting, coloring, buttoning, tying shoes and running. child may have a perception problem with vision or hearing, for example, identifying a particular pattern or distinguishing sounds or problems with memory, speech, thinking and listening. Some children have difficulty reading, some writing or numeracy. Most of the learning disorder is complex, with a reduced ability to higher levels. child can slowly remember the names of colors or letters, the names of familiar objects, may be poorly in learning counting, and have little ability to learn. Mastering reading and writing is slow. Other symptoms include short attention discontinuous speech and short-term memory. The child may have difficulty in drawing and tracing, activities that require fine motor coordination. Children with learning disabilities may have communication problems and impulse control, and difficulty in discipline. They easily distracted, can be hyperactive, withdrawn, shy or aggressive. Diagnosis and Treatment Doctor primarily examines a child in fact possible organic disorder. 

The child then solves a series of intelligence tests, including reading, writing and arithmetic. Psychological testing is the final step in the evaluation and diagnosis. treatment in applying some extent unproven effectiveness, eg elimination of additives in food, taking large doses of vitamins and level measurement of trace elements in children's serum. Neither drug showed no improvement in the level of education attained, the general level of intelligence and learning ability. However, some drugs, such as methylphenidate improve the level of attention and concentration, which improves learning ability. Most effective measure is to educate children adapted to their needs and requirements. 

Another baby on the way, what now?

Preparing for the birth of another child can be as special if you were expecting their first baby. Help your older child understand what to expect, but you be aware of all the challenges that await you. 

What will change?

The changes are probably the worst that happens is the firstborn child. Having two children can seem preiscrpljujućim, especially if you are already tired or have had a difficult delivery. It is therefore the most important good organization before birth.

Time will be limited, and you'll be even busier - your former plan will be living stretched to the limit. Schedule sleep and meals will be variable and will depend on the age of your older child.

You will probably be easier to bother, even before the baby is born, since caring about an older child during pregnancy may require a lot of energy. After birth, the first 6 to 8 weeks, children can be extremely challenging, because the main job will be to bring order between sleep and feeding babies, and meet the needs of an older child and his changing emotions.

The positive changes brought by another child increased confidence in their own abilities, knowledge and experience. It is about all the things you come up with my first child seemed so heavy - breast feeding, changing diapers, illness - all this will seem natural.

How will this affect you?

Returning home with a new baby will be affected in different ways - physical and mental. Increased exhaustion and mild anxiety are a normal occurrence after childbirth.

The so-called. "Baby blues" can be a frightening experience, but you do not have feelings of depression zadražti for itself. Talk to your doctor about your symptoms. It is important to distinguish the appearance of "baby blues" - which usually passes within a few weeks, and postpartum depression - a serious disorder that can affect behavior and sleep disorders. If you start to feel very depressed and anxious, or thinking about hurting yourself and your child promptly seek professional medical advice.

Physically, most likely you will feel the pain and fatigue, especially if you have had difficulties during childbirth or have given birth to caesarean section. This will especially make it difficult for night feeding if you decided to breastfeed her child, and nobody can do it for you.

If you work outside the home, you may be unsure about the future of your business. The decision about when to return to work is important, check out how you can get support from friends and family when you decided on.

Do not be surprised if you feel concerned about connecting with the new baby. You may find it difficult to understand that you will be able to love the new stranger with the same intensity as the first child - but you will.As a "double" Parents often say - parental love in some strange way to double when the second child is born.

You will notice that your first few months after birth remain some time (if any remain) that you can devote yourself only. Sleepless nights and everyday tensions can be exhausting, so make sure you make time.

Help an older child to adjust

Your first child may have a range of mixed emotions, from jealousy to excitement and even resentful. Younger children are unable to words to express their feelings and their behavior would be worse after the birth of a new child. We could begin to suck his thumb, look for the bottle again, forget some skills and communicate like a baby in order to attract your attention.

Older children may test your patience - bad behavior, have tantrums and throw it on the floor, refusing food and the like. These problems are usually temporary and short-lived, with a little preparation you can avoid them and to prepare the older child on arrival brace or reefs.

Some of the things you can do are:

· Allow an older child to participate in the selection of items for the new baby's room. This is especially important if the children share a room.

· Find a special gift to the older child is happy to share with younger, like favorite toys, books or photos of children in a common room. Consider a special gift just for the older child, such as special chairs on which they are able to sit while you eat or moult younger child.

· Organize a special time just for you two. It can be anything, shopping, short walk through the park, and even more reading bedtime stories. During this time your partner can help to take care of the baby.

· Play a role by sharing stories or read to the child who will help him understand what was happening.

· Explain to your child what to expect when the baby comes. Tell him that the little kids cry, sleep, and that they need to change diapers often. Make sure that you child is older, regardless of the fact that little baby requires a lot of attention, still have a lot of time and love for him.

· "Turn up" role in the child's family. Tell him that he would now be "older sibling" and let him enjoy the new role. Think about how to take him to one of the examination or to participate in the ultrasound.

Arrival of a sibling is a big change for your older child, so that time is not suitable for the introduction of additional changes. This means that the arrival of new babies is probably not the best time to potty train the child's bottle or inclusion in a program that will be the first time separated from you for a long time.

Brotherhood / Sisterhood plays an important role in the life of your baby, so do not single out older child from the decision making process. With attention focused on the new baby (new furniture, clothes, toys), an older child to feel neglected. Make sure it is still special in your life to enable him to participate in the turbulent activity.

How to help yourself?

Here are some tips that can help you with additional responsibilities. Some of the things you can do before the birth of a child:

· Stock up on supplies of food and dry food you can cook quickly. If you cook, make double portions and freeze part of it. It will come in handy when the baby is born. Inquire about good restaurants with delivery, have their number always be handy.

· Reorganize store dirty laundry. Get a special container for the disposal of every child and one for other family members. Laundry is usually one of the biggest complaints of new mothers - as it seems to quadruple the amount when a new child arrives. Prepare in advance!

· If possible, take advantage of the new child some old stuff (or from someone who is willing to lend them) instead of buying new ones. Cradles, cribs, strollers, high chairs, clothes - everything is going to save you money and time.

· Get ​​a few movies, but do not watch them before the birth of a child. They could help you late night feeding.

· Place the bag in the car with provisions for changing so always be prepared. A lot of women in the car holding a bag with toys for the older child and a bag with diapers, wipes and an extra blanket for the younger.

· Keep a book or toy, always handy in the bedroom and living room, and even in the bathroom. This child will be able to entertain at least a few minutes if a problem arises.

· Ask someone to you immediately after returning from the hospital to help the children. That someone can be a real satisfaction, and provide you with additional time for the holidays.

· If that's not too much expense, find someone to help with domestic duties at least once a month.

· Do not forget about your own needs. Indulge yourself, even if it's something quite simple like going to the hairdresser or relaxing in bubble bath after napronog days.

When you and your family adjust to the arrival of another child, you will enjoy the many positive sides of the larger family.

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Babies and Pets

Parents after the baby's arrival is very easy to forget about your pet as often resulting in jealousy, and even aggressive pet. With little effort, you can avoid it. Here's how ... 

Arrival of the baby does not mean you have to give your furry friend. With good preparation and access, the pet would soon your baby could become the best friend and protector.

Here are a few things to consider:

Prepare them to the baby's arrival.

Pets like routine. If you introduce some changes to your house, such as preparing the nursery, it should be gradual in order to customize your pet arrived.

• If you have friends with a baby or small child, ask them to come more often with you. So will the pet get used to voting behavior and the child.

• Set limits: if you intend to put a fence or gate to prevent your pet to approach the child, place them before the baby is born. Strollers and child fence for the game too early to get a pet to learn that the things which must not come near.

• Make sure your pet regularly vaccinated!

Make sure to get acquainted.

• Allow the dog or cat to get to know the smell of a child by him to give to sniff the baby's diaper or blanket. Then let them ponjuškaju child wrapped in a blanket while you hold him in her arms. Once the baby in the crib, or treat your pet pomazite a dessert.

• Avoid jealousy: Try to plan for eating and playing time as possible. Allow pet to participate in your baby's needs so that you will allow him to be in the same room when the baby food or bandage.

• When your baby grows up a bit, be sure to monitor any kind of interaction between babies and pets.

• Do not leave them alone until you are sure that there are no established friendship and not to hurt each other!

Set the rules of the game.

• You must teach your child that the animal can not pull the tail, ears, or a push.

• Most animals are afraid of loud noises and he will flee if they are rapidly approaching.

• Make sure your child does not take food from the animals or put your hands in the bowl of your favorite foods.Some animals are to be interpreted as a threat and respond aggressively.

• Never allow your child to your hands, fingers or legs used as toys. Animal body parts could be treated as any other toy, a child could get hurt.

• Remember that all the movements, while the child and the animal does not know, be quiet and slow. I never, never, do not beat animals for discipline! Clap your hands loudly, shout it, but they never do hit!

• Ensure pet corner in the house where they could rest. Even the most devoted pets sometimes need a little rest from active children.

As with most things, and here you must be persistent in establishing a good relationship between the child and pet. Demonstrate to both sufficient attention, understanding and love and not to any of them give rise to jealousy.

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Psychic development of your child

The child begins to learn even before birth. That the child fully developed their potential need his love, security and attention. 

Recent studies show that prior to birth a child reacts to certain stimuli (beats listening to her mother's heart, recognized her voice, can make out the light). From birth to six years of life a child develops the most intense, both physically and emotionally and mentally.

The child is required to meet the requirements for physical development. It is also necessary to ensure the conditions for psychological development. Among the conditions of mental development are the most important parental love, security within the wider family and community care and other people important to the child.

The human voice, the character of the first child's attention and facilities are essential for the child's psychosocial development. Social interaction with the environment is the most important source of the child's experiences since the earliest times.

Parents are best placed to monitor the child's development. They need to recognize the warning signs that indicate a slower progression of the child.

Each child is unique and progresses at their own pace. Some children are progressing more slowly than others, but that in itself is no cause for concern. By observing how the child responds to touch, auditory and visual stimuli can be seen signs of disability. If a child does not respond to stimuli, it is necessary to seek expert opinion.

Early identification of disability is crucial for the further development of the child and reach their full potential.He needs help and support as soon as possible. Children with disabilities need extra attention and love, and protection against injury and violence. Also it should be encouraged to play with other children.

The family is a fundamental and vital place to protect children in developing and growing up, a community task is to make this possible. The child's parents and family should be encouraged for the greater interaction with the child (eg, talk and talk and dj etetu before he spoke only in our later ages to answer his questions and guide it to him emu interesting sixth month).

Parents are the best judges of when to decide to help the child, and when it should be left with him egov solutions?. Parents need to understand the child's emotions. If his emotions ridiculed or punished, they will grow up shy, withdrawn and unable to express normal emotions. If parents are careful and patient to the child, the child will grow up happy and mentally balanced.

The father and mother are important for the child's proper development. In addition to support and assist the mother after giving birth in the household, the father should be involved in the care of the child. In the game with the child's father helps in learning, acquiring new skills and emotional development of children. Father and mother giving the child a basis for understanding the family and society as a whole.

Children should be taught how to behave and express themselves by imitating their loved ones.

To form the child's behavior and personality are much more useful than adults are good examples of commands and words. If adults express their anger by shouting, aggression and violence, the child will learn the proper way to express anger. Conversely, if the adults treat children with care, understanding and patience, your child will follow suit in their behavior. In early childhood the child is naturally oriented themselves. Gradually learn to respect other people. Because of the emotional immaturity of children sometimes behave selfishly and adults understand. Socially acceptable behavior, children learn as they grow, learn to treat others, on the way to treat them.

Patience, understanding and empathy with the child will help him to grow up happy and balanced.

The physical closeness with their mothers after birth and in early life is very important for the child's psychological development. This contact is particularly exercised by breastfeeding. A child growing up in a further significant tenderness in the form of hugs, kisses, you will need to give your child a sense of security.

For proper psychosocial development of children is an important safety and support. For the safety of children is an important growth with the support of adults, with well-established and familiar layout and organized activities. Children who do not have a complete family or a family living in poor conditions and lack of support, need help, protection and / or monitoring of other adults who support them (this can be a social worker, a psychologist at the counseling center, the volunteers of various humanitarian organizations).

If children are not provided the proper conditions for the psychosocial development of the family, they need the help of the community and experts. It is important for understanding the child's emotions. Thus, for example.cry the way a young child expresses that something is wrong. Perhaps it is hungry, tired, it hurts a little, it is too hot or is cold, frightened and so on. Crying should not be ignored.

Growing up in children can occur fears (fear of darkness, animals). Children quickly outgrow their fears if they have confidence in the fact that their home is safe, that they are protected and that their parents and other close adults love. It is necessary to realistically explain the unknown child and frightening occurrence, and not intimidate a child in the educational purposes (eg, going to the doctor intimidate, frighten animals, etc.).

The game is very important for child development. When playing, the child develops mentally, physically and mentally.

Children play because it's fun. But the game is important for the child's mental and physical development.Playing simple objects and imitating the world of adult children begin to learn about the world in which they are located. The game helps develop skills of speaking and thinking. Children often learn trial and error, comparing the results obtained, questioning and finding ways to succeed in their ventures. The game expands children's horizons and help them acquire new knowledge and experience. Adults in the child's environment can help them with their participation in the game. But that should not dominate or impose too much control of children's play.The child should assist in achieving what he wants, but adults can not seem to place the child because the child in this case, lose the opportunity to learn something that can only be done, as it is important for later life.

In a game with children requires patience. As long as a child at play is not in danger to life and health, he should be allowed to independently create games and problem solving, and even that does not work every time.Sometimes failure helps in learning and acquiring new skills. Children like to dress up and pretend to be someone else (mother, father, teacher, doctor, etc.). It helps children understand and accept the ways in which other people behave. Children sometimes need a game alone, but most still need to spend time with other children and adults.

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How to recognize that a child needs help?

As for optimal physical development of children requires favorable environmental conditions, such as the proper and psychosocial development of the necessary conditions. In this primarily refers to the child's family and social environment in which it lives. For a child is an important harmonious development, which includes an appropriate intellectual, social and emotional development. That is an important family support, contact with peers and appropriate curriculum. 

For a child's development is important and that there is an organized extracurricular activity, and this is also the prevention of undesirable behavior. Children and youth should be designed and leisure activities outside of school.

Inadequate family conditions such as alcoholism in the family or abuse within the family leave lasting effects on children.

The full family is extremely important for the child and family relationships. The child is required for proper development of security and safety both in the family and the wider community. If these conditions are violated in any way, for example. violence and / or abuse in the family, the absence of one or both parents for any reason, the child may appear different psychosocial problems.

How to identify given the child needs help?

A child with mental health problems will usually show one or more of the following symptoms: • Sleep disturbances (difficulty uspavijivanja, night fears, nightmares, bedwetting, night, etc..), Feeding (refusing food or eating excessively), and other physiological functions

• increased aggression or anxiety, or the opposite extreme stillness

• disturbances in speech

• Disturbance of concentration

• various types of phobias

• Withdrawal from peers and family

• problems in contacts with peers at school and / or outside school

• self-harm and accidents are generally more

• poorer performance in school, running away from school

• anti-social and / or delinquent behavior

Should talk to your child about what bothers him, give him to talk about their thoughts and feelings, to calm him, help him to a rational level, recognize their problem. Adults who surround the child and care for him, and especially parents should pay attention to the expression of their own psychological problems and control their own reactions.

If you have problems or disorders in children more pronounced, distract the child in daily life or longer, you should contact for advice psychologist and physician. It is important the child's sense of confidence and protection and confidence in the adults with whom he lives.

With a child to talk.

Children sometimes need help because of difficulties with learning at school, difficulties in learning self-control due to emotional problems, adjustment, or the adoption of coping and social skills among peers. Talk with your child about his feelings is necessary, verbalising feelings a child learns to recognize and correctly interpret their own feelings and easier to identify the problem.

Sometimes parents can not talk about any feelings of lack of time, failure to recognize the importance of conversation to the child or because of their own difficulty in expressing emotions, which in any case prevail for their own benefit and welfare of the child.

A child's age depends on which way you talk to him.

• Young children under 5 years can tell us a little, but it is well expressed in play and drawing, and will thus express their feelings and problems; playing with it, a parent can help the child to relieve emotional.

• children aged 6 to 9 years, but can itself draw conclusions on the basis of information obtained

• aged 10 and over, children are talkative

• Teens are ready to talk, but they have to be treated with respect and listen to them.

Areas of psychosocial support:

• difficulties in emotional development

• difficulties in social development

• difficulties in adjusting to school

An important aspect of psychosocial care are good role models that influence the development of children. A special role as a middle school where the child spends time and adopt new behaviors. The task of schools is not only transmit knowledge but also the monitoring of child development and detection of possible deviations from normal development. The role of the teacher who may at times have you noticed any problems duets with time and can meet the parents and refer them to a possible professional help.

Who all can go for help?

Professional helpers:

• psychologist

• Social Worker

• special education teacher

• Educator

• a family physician

• Pediatrician

• the school doctor

To help parents and children can turn itself primarily services that care for children (eg, a psychologist at the school or health center, family medical clinic, specialized health care facilities - a pediatrician, speech therapist, special education, social center).

There are also special services that can turn into a crisis (eg, Center for Crisis) and may be called by telephone, for example. phone for psychological help, there are special telephone line to which the children appear to like the "Blue Phone". Addresses and phone numbers of such services are usually found in the local media.

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How to teach your child to eat with a spoon?

While you were single you probably grozili of the scenes in which a small child alone eat, say, spinach. Probably you're like many, thought that such a scene simply not be able to handle it. Now, when you, as parents, one year old were in the same situation, you'll probably like many immediately rush off the camera in order to perpetuate this important and beautiful scenery ... But let's be real, rapture will take after a few days, your child will quickly - the general joy and relief - to learn to eat with a spoon independently 

Your child is probably already a pro at feeding small fingers.However, in order to teach him to serve with a spoon? It will be for him a new challenge. Since you have long been seen as you eat, you will probably only understand how to use a spoon. Children who go to a year in the nursery, but then eat with a spoon, because the damage they have no time to feed them one by one child. If the child home - you can start with a spoon around the first birthday, as a fork but wait until he turns 18 months.

First For starters, give him foods that will stay on the spoon, such as mashed potatoes, grits or yogurt.

Second Offer him a spoon at the start of a meal, while the hungriest, and will probably have more patience to learn.

Third Be prepared for minor accidents. Help him to eat with a spoon or scoop to come near her mouth.

4th Ignore the mess that will create learning opportunities - it is an essential part of this important process, and the phase that will soon pass.

5th Let ever eaten in a chair for feeding - you will be a lot of work and cleaning around the child and the chair, because you certainly do not make it with a spoon to chase the child who throws food all over the house.

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