Infection with human immunodeficiency virus is a viral disease that progressively destroys white blood cells and causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, according to Eng: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, according to Eng.: Human immunodeficiency virus) which progressive deterioration of the immune system, which opens the door to opportunistic infections, especially in adults, certain types of cancer.
AIDS (AIDS) is the late stage of HIV infection and for the time being is lethal. HIV infection and AIDS primarily affects young adults. Only about 2% of people infected with HIV in the United States as children or adolescents. However, the number of young adults who have acquired the infection in adolescents is growing rapidly. In 1995. year in the United States were more than 3,000 children with AIDS and at least 1200 with covert infection. Each year, new cases recorded 800-1000. Approximately 90% of children infected before, during or shortly after birth; 61% blacks, 23% Hispanics, and 15% white.
Causes
HIV infection is caused by viruses HIV-1, or, rarely, HIV-2. Young children almost always get the infection from their mothers before or during birth, although it is more than 2/3 of children of mothers with HIV will become infected. Infection can also be obtained after birth because the virus can be excreted breast milk.
Transmission from mother to child is not the only way children can become infected. Although rare, the second transmission of infection is sexual contact with child abuse. The child could be infected blood transfusion before in 1985. year. Boys with hemophilia who received clotting factor preparations before the mid-1980s could be infected if they were blood products contaminated with HIV. Since 1985. The collected blood is controlled by the presence of antibodies to HIV. Made significant steps towards the safety of clotting factor concentrates. Today in the United States seldom that a person infected with HIV through blood transfusion by blood products.
In the same way as the infected adolescents and adults: sexual contact, by sharing infected needles by drug abuse, and although now rarely before in 1985. The blood transfusion.
The virus can be transmitted through homosexual and heterosexual activity. Male homosexual activity is responsible for 33% of new HIV infections in adolescent males, and heterosexual activity is responsible for 54% of cases among ado-lescenticama. Sharing of infected needles is responsible for 11% of new cases among adolescents of both sexes.
The virus is not transmitted through food, water, household items, or social communication at home, at work, or at school. In very rare cases, HIV is transmitted through infected blood skin. In almost all such cases, the skin has been damaged by scratches or open wounds, or anything else. Although saliva may contain a virus, never confirmed the transfer of a kiss or bite.
Symptoms and Complications
Infection before, during, or shortly after birth is not immediately obvious. In 10% - 20% of children problems begin during the first or second year of life, the other 80% - 90% of the problems begin until years later. In about half of children infected with HIV-AIDS diagnosis is set to the third birthday.
If the disease starts after infancy, changeable intervals illness with periods of relatively normal health.Infections acquired in adolescence often remains hidden or causes scant symptoms for months or years, it looks like the infection acquired in adulthood.
Different symptoms and complications occur in the child's immune system deteriorates. Approximately 1/3 gets pneumonia (lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis), usually in the first few years of life. As a result, the occurrence of cough and batićasti fingers, depending on the severity of lung involvement.
Pneumonia caused by the microorganism Pneumocystis carinii seriously endangers a child with AIDS.Children born with HIV usually have at least one episode of pneumonia penumocistis in the first 15 months of life. More than half of the infected children before or after get pneumonia. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a significant cause of death among children and adults with AIDS.
In a significant number of infected children progressive brain damage prevents or slows the normal mastery of psychomotor functions
Diagnosis
On HIV infection is suspected in children of mothers with known infection or in children with symptomatic HIV infection or immune problems. In newborns, the standard test for antibodies against HIV has no diagnostic value because of their blood antibodies are almost always the mother who is infected with HIV (even if the child does not have to be infected). The majority of infants these antibodies retain 12-15 months or more, but finally lost from the blood if the child is not infected. To definitively diagnose HIV in children younger than 18 months must be used in specific blood tests (growing HIV or polymerase chain reaction). By repeating these tests in most, if not all, of the infected infants can be diagnosed for HIV before the age of 6 months.
For the diagnosis of HIV infection in children older than 18 months and adolescents using the standard search for antibodies against HIV.
Treatment and prognosis
An increasing number of drugs used to treat HIV infection in adults and adolescents. Many of these drugs, but not all are tested in children and have proved to be useful. Many experts believe that the combination may be more useful than individual drugs.
Drugs that are given to children as zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddl), stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC) and zalcitabine (ddC). Some of the drugs that are already applied to adults just take aim at children - are sakinavir, ritonavir and indinavir. Some drugs, such as nevirapine and delavirdine, and tested on adults and children.
To prevent pneumocystis pneumonia infants older than 1 month of mothers who have HIV infection, and children with significant impairment of immunity, antibiotics are given. In general, given trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but some children treated with pentamidine or dapsone.
With modern therapy, 75% of children with HIV infection experience 5 years and 50% 8. The average age of death is still about 10 years for children infected with HIV, although more and more children to survive into adolescence.
Occasionally Intravenous immunoglobulin to enhance your child's immunity. Routine vaccines are given to most children infected with HIV, regardless of whether they have symptoms or not. Generally do not give live virus and bacterial vaccines. However, the vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella (which contains live virus) is given nonetheless, since measles in children can be infected to a HJV cause a serious or fatal disease, and the vaccine has not been reported unwanted side effects.
For children in need of residential care, kindergarten or school doctor evaluate the risk of exposure to infectious diseases. In general, the transmission of infections, for example. chickenpox in children infected with HIV (or any child with a weakened immune system), the higher the risk of transmission of HIV from the child to the other. A small child with HIV infection, which has open sores on the skin or is prone to potentially dangerous behavior such as biting others, will not be eligible for kindergarten. However, in general, there is no need for anyone other than the parents, doctors and school can be a doctor, be aware of the HIV status of the child.
Children infected with HIV should be closely monitored for their medical condition is getting worse, treatment is best applied to the least restrictive conditions. If there is a system of care in the home along with social services, children may spend more time at home than in the hospital.
Prevention
Prevention depends on the knowledge of the transmission of HIV and to apply that knowledge. Pointing out the importance of refraining from sexual intercourse or practice safe sexual intercourse, it is important to stop the spread of AIDS among adolescents and adults.
The most effective way to prevent infection in the infant to infected mothers avoid pregnancy. Some studies show that caesarean section delivery reduces the risk of infecting the child, but this is not standard procedure.
One of the most important achievements is to prevent, in many cases, transmission of HIV from mother to child by anti-HIV drugs. Pregnant women who are infected with HIV, given zidovudine (AZT) in the mouth during the second and third trimester (last 6 months) of pregnancy with intravenous zidovudine during labor and delivery. Zidovudine continues to give the newborn for 6 weeks. These measures threefold reduced transmission of the virus from mother to child (from 25% to 8%).
In the course of further research to see if others drugs to further reduce the rate of transmission of the virus. Therefore, all the pregnant women had to think twice to get tested for HIV early in pregnancy to zidovudine, if necessary, could be applied at a time.
Although the risk of HIV transmission by breast milk rather low, infected mothers should avoid breast feeding fetus, especially in the U.S. where there is no problem of good industrial milk and water. In countries where the risk of malnutrition or infectious diarrhea caused by contaminated water large, natural nutrition benefits far outweigh the risks of HIV transmission.
Since it does not need to know the HIV status of the child, all schools and kindergartens should adopt special measures of treatment in case of accidents, such as bleeding from the nose, and cleaning and disinfecting surfaces stained with blood. The staff is advised to avoid contact of bare skin with blood.Gloves must be readily accessible and hands after removing gloves must be washed. Contaminated surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected freshly prepared solution of household bleach at a concentration of 1 bleach: 10-100 parts water.
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, according to Eng.: Human immunodeficiency virus) which progressive deterioration of the immune system, which opens the door to opportunistic infections, especially in adults, certain types of cancer.
AIDS (AIDS) is the late stage of HIV infection and for the time being is lethal. HIV infection and AIDS primarily affects young adults. Only about 2% of people infected with HIV in the United States as children or adolescents. However, the number of young adults who have acquired the infection in adolescents is growing rapidly. In 1995. year in the United States were more than 3,000 children with AIDS and at least 1200 with covert infection. Each year, new cases recorded 800-1000. Approximately 90% of children infected before, during or shortly after birth; 61% blacks, 23% Hispanics, and 15% white.
Causes
HIV infection is caused by viruses HIV-1, or, rarely, HIV-2. Young children almost always get the infection from their mothers before or during birth, although it is more than 2/3 of children of mothers with HIV will become infected. Infection can also be obtained after birth because the virus can be excreted breast milk.
Transmission from mother to child is not the only way children can become infected. Although rare, the second transmission of infection is sexual contact with child abuse. The child could be infected blood transfusion before in 1985. year. Boys with hemophilia who received clotting factor preparations before the mid-1980s could be infected if they were blood products contaminated with HIV. Since 1985. The collected blood is controlled by the presence of antibodies to HIV. Made significant steps towards the safety of clotting factor concentrates. Today in the United States seldom that a person infected with HIV through blood transfusion by blood products.
In the same way as the infected adolescents and adults: sexual contact, by sharing infected needles by drug abuse, and although now rarely before in 1985. The blood transfusion.
The virus can be transmitted through homosexual and heterosexual activity. Male homosexual activity is responsible for 33% of new HIV infections in adolescent males, and heterosexual activity is responsible for 54% of cases among ado-lescenticama. Sharing of infected needles is responsible for 11% of new cases among adolescents of both sexes.
The virus is not transmitted through food, water, household items, or social communication at home, at work, or at school. In very rare cases, HIV is transmitted through infected blood skin. In almost all such cases, the skin has been damaged by scratches or open wounds, or anything else. Although saliva may contain a virus, never confirmed the transfer of a kiss or bite.
Symptoms and Complications
Infection before, during, or shortly after birth is not immediately obvious. In 10% - 20% of children problems begin during the first or second year of life, the other 80% - 90% of the problems begin until years later. In about half of children infected with HIV-AIDS diagnosis is set to the third birthday.
If the disease starts after infancy, changeable intervals illness with periods of relatively normal health.Infections acquired in adolescence often remains hidden or causes scant symptoms for months or years, it looks like the infection acquired in adulthood.
Different symptoms and complications occur in the child's immune system deteriorates. Approximately 1/3 gets pneumonia (lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis), usually in the first few years of life. As a result, the occurrence of cough and batićasti fingers, depending on the severity of lung involvement.
Pneumonia caused by the microorganism Pneumocystis carinii seriously endangers a child with AIDS.Children born with HIV usually have at least one episode of pneumonia penumocistis in the first 15 months of life. More than half of the infected children before or after get pneumonia. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a significant cause of death among children and adults with AIDS.
In a significant number of infected children progressive brain damage prevents or slows the normal mastery of psychomotor functions
Diagnosis
On HIV infection is suspected in children of mothers with known infection or in children with symptomatic HIV infection or immune problems. In newborns, the standard test for antibodies against HIV has no diagnostic value because of their blood antibodies are almost always the mother who is infected with HIV (even if the child does not have to be infected). The majority of infants these antibodies retain 12-15 months or more, but finally lost from the blood if the child is not infected. To definitively diagnose HIV in children younger than 18 months must be used in specific blood tests (growing HIV or polymerase chain reaction). By repeating these tests in most, if not all, of the infected infants can be diagnosed for HIV before the age of 6 months.
For the diagnosis of HIV infection in children older than 18 months and adolescents using the standard search for antibodies against HIV.
Treatment and prognosis
An increasing number of drugs used to treat HIV infection in adults and adolescents. Many of these drugs, but not all are tested in children and have proved to be useful. Many experts believe that the combination may be more useful than individual drugs.
Drugs that are given to children as zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddl), stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC) and zalcitabine (ddC). Some of the drugs that are already applied to adults just take aim at children - are sakinavir, ritonavir and indinavir. Some drugs, such as nevirapine and delavirdine, and tested on adults and children.
To prevent pneumocystis pneumonia infants older than 1 month of mothers who have HIV infection, and children with significant impairment of immunity, antibiotics are given. In general, given trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but some children treated with pentamidine or dapsone.
With modern therapy, 75% of children with HIV infection experience 5 years and 50% 8. The average age of death is still about 10 years for children infected with HIV, although more and more children to survive into adolescence.
Occasionally Intravenous immunoglobulin to enhance your child's immunity. Routine vaccines are given to most children infected with HIV, regardless of whether they have symptoms or not. Generally do not give live virus and bacterial vaccines. However, the vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella (which contains live virus) is given nonetheless, since measles in children can be infected to a HJV cause a serious or fatal disease, and the vaccine has not been reported unwanted side effects.
For children in need of residential care, kindergarten or school doctor evaluate the risk of exposure to infectious diseases. In general, the transmission of infections, for example. chickenpox in children infected with HIV (or any child with a weakened immune system), the higher the risk of transmission of HIV from the child to the other. A small child with HIV infection, which has open sores on the skin or is prone to potentially dangerous behavior such as biting others, will not be eligible for kindergarten. However, in general, there is no need for anyone other than the parents, doctors and school can be a doctor, be aware of the HIV status of the child.
Children infected with HIV should be closely monitored for their medical condition is getting worse, treatment is best applied to the least restrictive conditions. If there is a system of care in the home along with social services, children may spend more time at home than in the hospital.
Prevention
Prevention depends on the knowledge of the transmission of HIV and to apply that knowledge. Pointing out the importance of refraining from sexual intercourse or practice safe sexual intercourse, it is important to stop the spread of AIDS among adolescents and adults.
The most effective way to prevent infection in the infant to infected mothers avoid pregnancy. Some studies show that caesarean section delivery reduces the risk of infecting the child, but this is not standard procedure.
One of the most important achievements is to prevent, in many cases, transmission of HIV from mother to child by anti-HIV drugs. Pregnant women who are infected with HIV, given zidovudine (AZT) in the mouth during the second and third trimester (last 6 months) of pregnancy with intravenous zidovudine during labor and delivery. Zidovudine continues to give the newborn for 6 weeks. These measures threefold reduced transmission of the virus from mother to child (from 25% to 8%).
In the course of further research to see if others drugs to further reduce the rate of transmission of the virus. Therefore, all the pregnant women had to think twice to get tested for HIV early in pregnancy to zidovudine, if necessary, could be applied at a time.
Although the risk of HIV transmission by breast milk rather low, infected mothers should avoid breast feeding fetus, especially in the U.S. where there is no problem of good industrial milk and water. In countries where the risk of malnutrition or infectious diarrhea caused by contaminated water large, natural nutrition benefits far outweigh the risks of HIV transmission.
Since it does not need to know the HIV status of the child, all schools and kindergartens should adopt special measures of treatment in case of accidents, such as bleeding from the nose, and cleaning and disinfecting surfaces stained with blood. The staff is advised to avoid contact of bare skin with blood.Gloves must be readily accessible and hands after removing gloves must be washed. Contaminated surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected freshly prepared solution of household bleach at a concentration of 1 bleach: 10-100 parts water.
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