Herpes simplex in a newborn

Herpes simplex in newborn always mean a serious viral infection that affects important organs (brain, liver, lungs) and often leaves permanent damage or fatal.

Herpes simplex virus infection of the 2500 - 5000 newborns in the United States. A child can become infected before or after birth. Mothers and babies are usually not aware that they carry the virus and have no symptoms at the time of delivery. Symptoms and Diagnosis The first symptoms usually occur between the first and second week, although they may miss up to four weeks after birth. The disease may start a rash, small fluid-filled blisters, however, 45% of infected newborns no skin rash. If they are treated within 7-10 days performing severe symptoms. There is a variable body temperature, lethargy and convulsions of the involvement of the brain, muscle laxity, difficulty breathing, inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) and blood clots in the blood vessels throughout the body. fluid-filled blisters are easily identified as a sign of herpes infection, while other symptoms are not so specific. Infection is usually proved by virus isolation from the content of bubbles, and the process takes 24-48 hours. Herpes simplex virus can also be detected in a sample of urine, secretions conjunctiva of the eye and nostril, in a sample of blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Prognosis and treatment if they are not treated, died about 85% of newborns with the disease extended to multiple organs. When confined to the skin, eyes and mouth, mortality is rare, but about 30% of these infants have some brain damage or nerve that can remain unnoticed until 2 or 3-ge-going age.treatment antiviral drug such as acyclovir reduces mortality by about 50% and significantly increases the number of children with herpes who will develop normally. Eye infections are usually treated with drops or ointment or grease trifluridina idoxuridin.

Jaundice in newborns

The term hyperbilirubinemia indicates abnormally high bilirubin levels. Old, damaged or abnormal red blood cells are removed from the circulation, mainly in the spleen. In this process of hemoglobin (the protein of red blood cells that carries oxygen) into a yellow pigment called bilirubin. Bilirubin circulation leads to the liver where it is chemically changed (conjugate) and so is excreted into the intestine as part of bile.

In most infants coming to the transient increase in bilirubin levels in the first few days of life, which makes the skin yellow (jaundice). In adults, the breakdown of bilirubin in the intestine performed bacteria normally found there. In newborns lack the bacteria and excreted in the faeces much bilirubin why she Light Yellow. Moreover, the newborn intestine is an enzyme that changes the bilirubin in this way to facilitate the re-absorption (reabsorption) in the blood and contributes to the development of jaundice.Increase in the level of bilirubin in the blood, jaundice becomes apparent, first on the face, then on his chest and then to his feet. Hyperbilirubinemia and visible jaundice usually disappear after the first week of life.Very high bilirubin levels are the result of increased production, scarce drainage or both. Sometimes, in healthy term infants in the natural diet (chest) during the first week, there's a growing appreciation of bilirubin in the blood, a condition known as jaundice lactation. The exact cause of this condition is not completely known. Lactation jaundice is usually harmless. If they become extremely high bilirubin can be applied to blue light. Hiperbihrubinemija usually of no consequence, but in some rare cases, very high values ​​of bilirubin can cause brain damage. The condition is known as kernikterus, and is most common in very immature and ill premature infants. treatment of hyperbilirubinemia mild hyperbilirubinemia should not be treated. Frequent feeding in newborn accelerates intestinal transit by reducing the reabsorption of bilirubin from the intestine and thus its level in the blood. At higher values ​​implemented phototherapy, in whom this procedure exposes the newborn blue light. Illumination child's skin occur due to chemical changes in molecules of bilirubin in the subcutaneous tissue. That changed bilirubin is excreted more easily without having to conjugate in the liver. If the bilirubin level is dangerously high blood newborn replaced by fresh (eksangvinotransfuzija which removes bilirubin). When jaundice lactation diet on breast rarely break at 1-2 days and only at extremely high bilirubin. Mother of the time regularly issues, so that the child can be put back on the chest, as bilirubin begin to fall. Returning to his chest poses no risk to the baby.

Learning problems in children

Learning disabilities are disorders acquisition, retention or use of the skills and information due to lack of attention, memory and judgment that undermines the success of education.

There are different types of learning difficulties, with different causes. It is believed that the basis of all disorders determined abnormality of brain function. It is estimated that 3% - 15% of children in the U.S. have learning difficulties and need to apply some form of special education. Boys 5 times more likely to have these problems than girls. Symptoms little child with learning disabilities often have difficulty with coordination of vision movements and awkward in physical activities such as cutting, coloring, buttoning, tying shoes and running. child may have a perception problem with vision or hearing, for example, identifying a particular pattern or distinguishing sounds or problems with memory, speech, thinking and listening. Some children have difficulty reading, some writing or numeracy. Most of the learning disorder is complex, with a reduced ability to higher levels. child can slowly remember the names of colors or letters, the names of familiar objects, may be poorly in learning counting, and have little ability to learn. Mastering reading and writing is slow. Other symptoms include short attention discontinuous speech and short-term memory. The child may have difficulty in drawing and tracing, activities that require fine motor coordination. Children with learning disabilities may have communication problems and impulse control, and difficulty in discipline. They easily distracted, can be hyperactive, withdrawn, shy or aggressive. Diagnosis and Treatment Doctor primarily examines a child in fact possible organic disorder. 

The child then solves a series of intelligence tests, including reading, writing and arithmetic. Psychological testing is the final step in the evaluation and diagnosis. treatment in applying some extent unproven effectiveness, eg elimination of additives in food, taking large doses of vitamins and level measurement of trace elements in children's serum. Neither drug showed no improvement in the level of education attained, the general level of intelligence and learning ability. However, some drugs, such as methylphenidate improve the level of attention and concentration, which improves learning ability. Most effective measure is to educate children adapted to their needs and requirements.