Friday, January 11, 2013

Does my child is using drugs?


Marijuana is the most widely used and most popular drug in the world and in our country. Many argue for the legalization of marijuana, emphasizing its positive aspects, and propagating that smoking marijuana is not addictive. Given that young people are often under the misconception that marijuana is not harmful to health, as well as the fact that most users of other drugs from marijuana began, most attention is paid to this addiction. 


STA is marijuana and how to use?

Marijuana is a green, brown or green mixture of dried shredded leaves, stems, seeds and flowers of hemp (Cannabis sativa). Cannabis (Cannabis) is a term that refers to marijuana and other drugs originating from this plant.

Most users of marijuana hanging in the cigarette (called a joint) or in the smoke pipe. Some people put marijuana in food or make tea from it. It can also be used by the tobacco out of cigarettes and marijuana substitute. Lately marijuana cigarette is put crack cocaine or crumbly tablets, and it's called 'chemistry'.

At what age should children usually begins with marijuana?

With the use of marijuana and other drug use begins in high school and early twenties, and in later years the situation is deteriorating. On average, in every department of the Belgrade high school student has one serious problem of drug addiction. Begin time consuming marijuana and other drugs, on average, move about 15 years ago. Recorded an increase in younger and younger and younger adolescents, children aged 12, 13 or 14 years, who abuse or are addicted to drugs but, above all, of marijuana.

Why do young people using marijuana?

Children and young people use marijuana for different reasons. Curiosity and the desire to fit into a particular group are the most common reasons. Of course young people who smoke cigarettes and / or drink alcohol are at greater risk to start using marijuana. Also, studies have shown that there is a greater chance that the child begins to use drugs if a family member is drinking alcohol and take pills. Parents, grandparents, older brothers and sisters are role models that children look up to. Some young people who take drugs do not agree with their parents. Some have friends who use drugs and urge them to start. All environmental factors that surround a child - home, school, neighborhood - affect whether a child will try drugs. Children who long marijuana can become dependent, and it becomes the main reason why they continue taking the drug. Some mention psychological Dismissal as a reason for taking the drug - to make it easier faced with concern, anger, depression, boredom, and so on. Studies have also shown that children and young people (of both sexes) who are physically and sexually abused at a higher risk than others, to begin to marijuana and other drugs, and this at a younger age.

How will you discover that your child is using marijuana?

There are some signs by which you can discover. If someone has taken marijuana can:

- Seems to have dizziness

- Difficult to walk

- Looks silly and laughing for no reason

- A red and bloodshot eyes

- Hard to remember things that just happened.

When the early effects fade after a few hours, the user can become very sleepy.

Parents should monitor changes in behavior in their children, although this may be difficult due to puberty.Parents need to pay attention to the following signs: withdrawal, depression, fatigue, carelessness, hostility and worsening relations with family members and friends. And changes in the school, and the high incidence of laziness, lack of interest in sports or other favorite activities, and changes in eating or sleeping habits, may be related to drug use. However, these signs may indicate problems that are not caused by drug use. In addition to the above, parents should pay attention to:

- Traces of drugs and drug accessories such as pipes and rolling paper for tobacco so. 'Grit'

- The smell of burnt grass on clothes in the bedroom

- The use of incense and other air fresheners

- Taking eye drops

- Clothing, posters, jewelry and the like. things that promote drug use.

Yes marijuana is addictive?

Yes. Although everyone who uses marijuana does not become dependent, those who begin to compulsively seek and take the drug become addicted to marijuana. In heavy marijuana users can develop tolerance.Tolerance occurs when the user needs larger amounts of the drug to achieve the desired result, which was achieved earlier with lower doses. Some heavy users show signs zavisnisti, because when I do not take drugs appear simpomi withdrawal (abstinence crisis): restlessness, loss of appetite, insomnia, weight loss and drowsiness. One study found that in young marijuana and who had previously recorded anti-social behavior quickly it came to creating a dependency on the drug. This study also showed that the troubled child who smokes cigarettes, using alcohol and marhiuanu, advancing from first to regular marijuana so much as a progression to regular cigarette smoking, and even greater than before of alcohol.

DID dependence on marijuana can be cured?

Until a few years ago it was difficult to find a treatment program zavisnisti of marijuana. The treatment of this addiction was the same as the treatment of dependence on other drugs. These included a detoxification therapy and behavior. Recently, the researchers tested various ways to involve users of marijuana in the treatment and to assist them in drug rehabilitation. Currently there are no drugs that could be treated with marijuana dependence. Treatment program focuses on counseling and group support systems. From these studies therapists teach users what characteristics predict successful treatment and which approach is most effective. Further progress in treatment is moving in the direction of creating a program to help adolescents who take marijuana.

How to prevent the child from coming into contact with marijuana?

There is no magic formula for preventing child to take drugs. However, the influence of parents can be great if you talk to their children about the dangers that come with the use of marijuana and other drugs, and that they were actively involved in the lives of their children. And because the children are enrolled in high school, parents should be interested in their school work, extracurricular activities and getting to know the child's friends. Studies have shown that proper parental care and concern for the child's behavior can influence the cessation of further use of individual drugs and for those adolescents who are fond of marijuana, as well as the rebels, those who can not control their emotions under stress. To inquire about drug abuse in your neighborhood, it's important to get involved in prevention programs in their municipalities, local community or school. Find prevention programs in which your child and you can participate together.

Talk to your kids!

As you can see, marijuana is a dangerous drug that gives clues to the health and well-being of children and adolescents at a critical period of their life when they grow up, mature, learn and lay the foundation for further development. As a parent of children you can turn to for help and advice in solving any problems and making decisions, including the decision of not taking drugs. You are their role model, and your decision not to take marijuana and other drugs will reinforce the message that indicate their children.

Source: http://www.mirijevo.co.yu/


Will your kids to listen to you?

When children are thinking about whether to take the drug or not, for them, is a very important question, "what will my parents think," how will it affect them?

That means it's very important that they make it clear that you do not want under any circumstances take illegal drugs. You seem to be afraid and worried. To make you unhappy, seemed to suffer heavily.

As discussed above, in that the regular interest in the events in their lives, their friends, school and sports activities, they are more likely to turn to you for advice and they will feel they have the support that will enhance their self-confidence so that they will more easily be able to resist the pressure to take drugs.

When you talk with your kids about drugs, be open and honest, and do not for a moment assume that they already know what is your attitude.

Those of you očkuju to talk to them about drugs, so you have to be very open with their opinions iztnošenju. Nothing is left open for tumačnje mistake.

It is also often Vazo to talk about the dangers associated with drug use, and how your rules to apply to the school house and on all other issues.

When it comes to Discuss Drugs, extensive testing of parents and their children show that young people appreciate when parents instructions for some important personal things, and they tend to turn to them for review.

But they expect parents to be informed, honest and open.


10 ways to encourage young people to talk with you about drugs

First Be a part of their lives

Always take the time to their children. Interest in what they are interested in and specify the steady time for joint activities. Do not be afraid to ask where your teen is going and who you will be. It is important to spend time together as a family. For example, try to talk and eat together every day and find other opportunities to enjoy the time spent together as a family.

Second Listen to them

Demonstrating a willingness to listen to them, you will help your child feel more comfortable with you and when they should listen to you. Ask them for their opinions when making family decisions. This will show that we attach importance to them. Try not to interrupt and not act in a manner that will prevent further discussion (eg, nervous, anxious, Preaching, outrage, ridicule, etc.). Give them the support to help you feel free to talk about their problems.

3rd Be a role model behavior

When it comes to illegal drugs, not true adage "do as I say, not as I do. If you are taking illegal drugs, you can not expect your child to consider your advice. Do not underestimate the potential impact of your behavior on your children. Especially if you use tobacco or abuse alcohol and drugs.

4th Be honest

It is important to be informed, but do not pretend to know everything. Be prepared to say "I do not know, but I'll try and look for an answer. Be honest and clear in expressing your views to make it easier for your children to be honest with you.

5th Choose the right moment

Choose the right time to speak on the topic, using the situations that arise during natural events. This can occur when watching TV, while talking about someone from school or when you give them an answer to something that is too difficult to discuss.

6th Be calm (calm)

Being calm and sensible is also important. Do not prenagljujete. Remember that anger and explosive, impulsive reactions can just close the door to further communication, that is, to make you lose contact with your child. Explosive reactions are a sign of weakness and not a good position for a successful impact on young people.

7th Avoid conflict (conflict)

When there is conflict, it is difficult to solve the problem. Try to understand their point of view and encourage them to understand yours. If a conflict arises, stop and continue the conversation when you are both calm. Do not be afraid to say the word - sorry.

8th Continue to talk

When you have already discussed, it is important to do it again. Be ready to talk about drugs with your children, and start early.

9th Accurately determine the boundaries

Most young people expect and appreciate some ground rules. By being allowed to participate in setting these rules, encourages them to be more responsible in respect of the rules. Once you establish the rules together and agree on the consequences of their violation-Apply them.

Think of the way, and agree on how young people react if they find themselves in a situation where they are exposed drgama. For example, let them know that you are ready to come pick them up if they need it, even if it is very late.

However, to fully explain that you'd prefer that they do and do not lead to a situation where they can be exposed to illegal drugs.

10th Concentrate on the positive

Try not to react only to the errors of their children, in that which you are not satisfied. Praise your children when they behave well, and emphasize those things that work well. Should support them in making self feel good, and not treat them with respect.


They say - you say

What teens cited as the reasons for taking illegal drugs and how you can respond

Here are some of the reasons that young people give for taking drugs, and ideas on how you can respond to them at:

"Someone has tried it, so I thought / I could la / la I

Express your concern and examine their decision. Ask them if they have drugs to their expectations, and talk to them about the hazards imposed upotrebom.Pokušajte further to find out if they were forced, and explain what in this situation can do, where to go - you can continue to help them to cope adequately with a similar situation.

"I've always wanted / to try that drug

Ask what that drug is appealing, and what they expect to get from these types of drugs. Questions such as "How do you think / it would be like?, And" Why this drug? Can bear fruit. You may be able to talk about whether they have tried other drugs, and if so, why. Say that you are concerned about their behavior, and try to establish some ground rules.

"All my friends were doing it so I thought / la ... Why not?

Clear to them about what is your attitude toward drug use, and explain to them why you want them to use drugs. Ask them if they thought it was safe to use the drug only because their friends use. Explain to them that there are individual differences in response to drugs.

Ask them why they are, in the opinion of niihovom their friends used drugs, and whether they are aware of the reasons why drugs are usually taken. Talk about the dangers of experimenting with drugs. Perhaps it is useful to talk about the importance of being able to responsibly make their own decisions, rather than causes of the society.

"I felt / I is well after use

Try to find out the reason why the young people used drugs. Find out how they felt. This is a good time to offer help and the situation to determine if you can for them to do something, or if they want to talk about another issue that is bothering them. Talk about someone can feel good and less risky. Offer them constructive alternatives.

"All my school, family and life problems are gone

This statement is an opportunity to deal with other problems that plague your child. Let them know that if there are problems, you'd like to talk about them. Ask what you can do to make things better. Discuss whether the problems returned when the drugs stopped acting. Express your feelings about the dangers associated with drug uoptrebu. Specifically to them about that with them you can work on finding a better way of solving their problems.

"It gave me more confidence

Let them know you are concerned and explain that they do not need drugs to feel good. Share your own experiences when you find it difficult to fit into society, and explain to them what helped you to gain more confidence. It can be both positive and negative experiences. By talking about your personal experiences, you will gain more credibility with young people. Consider ways in which you can help to improve your child's self-esteem.

"Well, you used drugs

For this statement to be prepared if this applies to you. You need to be honest and open with your child.Admit that illicit drugs are dangerous, now that you made a different decision, and that they do not want to make the same mistake. You are an important role model.


What to do if you think a teenager (your child or student) tries on drugs?

It is important to discuss about this issue with a teenage boy.

Let them know you are concerned and to fear because they think that they might be using drugs.

Be open with them, so that they receive encouragement to be open with you. Otherwise, you will not know the full story of what is happening in their lives.

Talk to them about what they consider the benefits and dangers of the drug. This can give you the opportunity to give them new information about the dangers associated with the drug.

Where to seek help?

Do not be afraid to ask for help. There are many services and institutions that can provide support, advice and assistance in order to assist the person who is using drugs, their family and friends.

Remember, you do not have to fight alone against the problems caused by drugs. In our area there are many places where you can provide support and assistance. Use the phone numbers listed in the site to get in touch with people who can help and support.

One is to possibility to connect with others who have similar problems and so organized nastupitie to the wider community (state government) to share experiences and to | you new ideas on how to proceed.

What families can do to prevent substance abuse?

The most effective 'tool' to deter young people from taking drugs is a parent who devotes time and attention to their children.

Talk, Interest on for their livelihood

Be the one who talks to them and to their friends about what is happening at school, about the sport, about what interests them. The more parents and other family members involved in children's lives, more positive, the young people look at themselves, and all are more likely to respond by accepting family attitudes, beliefs, attitudes.

Notify each other and dogovarajte

If our regularly inform their children where you're going, when and where they can go back to you on | in if you need them, and makes it easier to create a habit with them to do the same.

Monitoring of children's activities and behavior does not mean that they do not believe me, it means that you care enough about them to take an interest in what they are doing.

Tell the drug when exercising and recreational activities as a constructive solution

Better safe than sorry, especially substance abuse. This means that it is worthwhile to invest the time to inform you about drugs and drug addiction, but also about the importance of sport and recreation for the protection of health and strengthening the body's resistance and personality, so that you can keep a reliable conversation about drugs so how about constructive ways of living and to overcome the problem.

This will allow you to not overdo it or you do not give false information, in which case that young people were less willing to accept your advice.

Remember, you do not need to be an expert to help the young person to choose not to use drugs or substances.

Encourage them to participate in sports or recreational activities

Physical activity (sport and recreational activities) are the natural and most convenient way for young people to meet those needs for which the drug reaching for and in addition learn to set goals, to fight for their achievement and to accept failure as part of life that can be aktovnošću overcome their own and make friends that will be a valuable support in a variety of situations.


How sport and recreation help?

How sport and recreation can help?

All living creatures, including man, and are alive and well, but in order to remain healthy need for physical activity and exercise. Some types of activities and movements are an integral part of everyday life, but they are not enough in order to be physically healthy and mentally strong, balanced, and that we would do well.It requires us, and sports or recreational activities as witnessed by the number of people who spontaneously, for pleasure dealing with some of the many sports and recreational activities. The simplest activities of this type have a number of effects on our body and mental state.

How sports or recreational activities acting on us?

* Protects us from negative feelings (emotions) and makes us feel calm, pleasant, to be a good mood because it neutralizes norepinephrine, a hormone that is secreted when we are under stress. In addition, after exercise, during which he is engaged sympathetic nervous system speeds up many functions in the body, it begins to seem that the parasympathetic calms all functions of the body which during activities were accelerated.

* Makes us feel stronger, mentally refreshed, and thus self-confident in meeting new tasks and problems because it improves the heart and lungs and all parts are better nourished body, including the brain

* Contributes to the beautiful appearance and health because of these activities comes to burning excess calories to eject toxic substances from the body and to the strengthening and shaping muscles

* Increases the ability to set their own goals in life

* Develops perseverance, endurance and stamina in the encounter difficulties with engaging in sports and recreational activities makes a person better equipped to deal with different requirements and problems

* Enriching social life because it allows the acquisition of new and reliable friends who are a significant source of support in different life situations. Those who participate in sports are usually popular among | in Friends.

* Provides an opportunity for fun and entertainment, and to experience the great thrill | of when you achieve your goal

* Provides an opportunity to discover the unique capabilities of a sport and so we come to the material gain.

How much do we need these activities?

In order to feel good and be healthy enough to corporal and three times a week for half an hour or even sports and recreational activities as the easiest walk is brisk walking. The important thing is just to choose activities according to their own abilities as they would not have caused a great strain. It is important to adjust mogućnotima ambitions and how these activities would become an additional source of stress.


LITTLE GUIDE FOR PARENTS

The great power of drug addiction and you ruin lives and destroy families. As a parent who knows the facts about drugs and talk openly with their children about this issue, you will be able to protect the younger generation from the dangers of substance abuse.

The first step is that you are also well informed about the various types of drugs, their effects and how to identify them. Here's a list of the most common drugs, descriptions of how they look and act in the body.


HEMP HEMP AND DERIVATIVES

Products: Marijuana, Hashish, Hashish Oil, Cannabis sativa, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, bong (bhang).

Street Names: Pot, grass, weed, reefer, joint, Mary-Jane, Acapulco Gold, Rope, Mull, Cone, spliff, dope, hash.

There are two types of drugs that smoke - marijuana and hashish. Marijuana is made from the dried flowers and leaves of the plant called cannabis or hemp (cannabis) and hashish is made from the resin of the plant, which is dried and pressed, and prepared for smoking.

Many people smoke marijuana, clean, and combine it with a tobacco cigarette in hand made out that they call a joint ("joint"). Sometimes the hemp smoke pipe called a "bong."

Effects: Short-term effects include feeling relaxed, laughing and giggling, loss of internal psychological inhibitions, increased appetite.

Symptoms may include sudden mood changes, slowed thinking, slowed reflexes, dilated pupils, dry mouth, rapid pulse, delusions and sometimes hallucinations.

Possible consequences: If you take a long time, there is a risk of impairment of memory and concentration, the weakening of the will to work and study, weight gain. It is believed that cannabis derivatives for very young users affected by the disturbance and blocking the development of samosvijeti, thus damaging psychological development function in children and adolescents.


STIMULANTS

Products: Amphetamine, MDMA (Ecstasy) Methamphetamine, Ritalin, Dexamphetamine, woman.

Among the most popular stimulants including amphetamines and ecstasy.

* AMPHETAMINS

Street names: the most common - speed, or ox-blood (burgundy liquid form).

Ampfetamini be produced as a powder, tablet, paste or liquid form.
It is usually taken orally as tablets, although some users snort it as a powder, injected or injected into a vein.

When they are sold on the street, usually wrapped in aluminum foil, packed in a plastic bag or small balloons. They have a strong odor and bitter taste.

Effects: It causes euphoria and excitement, a sense of comfort and confidence.
Symptoms may include: sweating, chills, nausea and vomiting, dry mouth, dilated pupils, and decreased appetite.

Possible consequences: Prolonged use leads to chronic sleep problems, weight loss, high blood pressure, feelings of fear and anxiety, paranoid ideas, reduced ability to control emotions, so it's possible violent behavior, severe depression, damage to nerve cells.

* Ecstasy
Ecstasy is a synthetic drug, is also known as MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine). It is usually produced in small tablets, but in capsules or powder that is snorted or injected with an injection.

Street Names: Ecstasy, or MDMA addition, it called it-E, eggs, ecky, XTC.
They think it is currently one of the most popular party drugs, because it's used mostly young people in discos, nightclubs and parties.

Effect: Causes a feeling of comfort and increased self-confidence, and removes the psychological inhibitions. The feeling of anger and frustration disappears and develops a feeling of "everyone loves everyone."

Symptoms may include: sweating, chills, nausea and vomiting, hallucinations and anxiety attacks.

An additional problem with this drug is that it inhibits inhormaciju in the brain that the body is hot, and it happens to people who had taken ecstasy at a party or disco club prevrućoj radiatively active gases end up in the hospital due to heat stroke. Therefore those who are on these drugs must constantly drink water to prevent dehydration of the body. But, on the other hand, too much water in combination with ecstasy causes brain swelling and brain damage.

Possible consequences: this drug is very dangerous for those suffering from heart disease, diabetes, asthma, depression or mental illness.


Other party-drugs: include Ketamine (Special K) and PCP (Angel Dust - angel dust). These two drugs belong to the group of anesthetics that have a hallucinogenic effect.

GHB (known as Fantasy) is also a pain reliever, but it is a still little known. In small doses, produces a feeling of relaxation, calmness and mild euphoria. In larger doses it can cause anguish and vomiting, respiratory collapse and respiratory failure, and coma.

Hallucinogens

Products: The most popular - LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) and Psilocybin (also known as magic mushrooms-magic mushrooms).

LSD
Street names: acid, trips, tabs, blotter, wedges

Prepared in liquid or solid form, sometimes on a smaller piece of paper decorated polularnim images and characters.

Effect: produces a state of trance This is a powerful hallucinogen that alters the perception of reality, and, under his influence, "see" sounds or "hear" colors. Changing perceptions of time, space, and their perceptions of themselves.

Symptoms: A very unpleasant and dangerous symptoms of the so-called "bad trip" - ("bad" trip ") are intense fear, paranoid ideas, unpredictable gusts of memories and reliving unpleasant or traumatic events from the past (so-called" flashbacks ").
These frightening symptoms can be activated at any time, even if it's been many months and years after taking LSD.

Possible consequences: Damage to the memory and concentration. Reduced ability to reason and coordination, as well as experiencing hallucinations increase the risk of injury, violent behavior, paranoid reactions or dangerous.


Opiates
Products: Heroin, Morphine, Codeine, Methadone,

HEROIN
Street names: horse, hammer, H, dope, junk, gear, boy.

It belongs to a group of drugs with opium, morphine and codeine. These are substances that have an effect and to eliminate the intense pain.

Heroin is usually prepared as a powder, and can swallow, smoke or take drugs, smoke or inject injection.There is no "safe" way of taking drugs heroin, because deaths occur regardless of the manner in which the heroine takes.

Effects: Short-term effects cause euphoria, insomnia and lack of experience of pain.
There is a high risk of addiction and long-term use leads to a number of physical disorders and social problems.

Symptoms: lethargy, drowsiness, nausea, constricted pupils, slow breathing.
Possible consequences: cause impotence in men, menstrual disorders and infertility in women. There is a high risk of contracting AIDS and hepatitis B because of the common use of needles, syringes. Heroin addicts almost always have problems at work because they are unable to work, family problems, trouble with the law because resort to theft to find the money for drugs. Deaths are frequent due to an overdose of injected heroin or heroin use unclean.

COCAINE
Products: Cocaine, Crack Cocaine
Street names: for Cocaine: coke, snow, happy dust, flake, white lady, for crack cocaine: crack, rock, base, sugar block.

Cocaine is a stimulant that speeds up the brain activity. It is usually prepared as a white powder with no odor and bitter taste. The cocaine powder is coca leaf extract. Cocaine that is sold on the street is often a mixture of milk powder, or flour. Snorted or injected with an injection.

Effect: Boosts energy, alertness and general mood and sexual arousal.

Symptoms: dilated pupils, loss of appetite, and erratic behavior are possible immediately after taking the first dose. The effects of good mood and high energy ("High Effects) lasted only 30 minutes, after which there is a" fall ("low effects). And, if it is used several times in one day lead to extreme agitation, hallucinations, aggressive behavior unpredictable, nausea and vomiting, pain in the chest or heart attack.

Possible consequences: Prolonged use of cocaine can lead to chronic insomnia, agitation and increased irritability, weight loss, paranoia and complete exhaustion. Often ušmrkivanje cocaine powder damages the nostrils, leading to bleeding from the nose, sinus infections and damage to the nasal tissue


FUNDS FOR INHALATION
Products: Adhesives, Gasoline, Aerosol, Paints

Street names: laughing gas, whippits, nitrous, snappers, poppers ...
Some of these chemicals that are inhaled can cause temporary euphoria.
Symptoms: dizziness, slurred speech, poor coordination, nausea, vomiting, slow breathing.
Possible consequences: Damage to the brain, chest pain, muscle pain, joint pain, heart problems, severe depression, fatigue, loss of appetite, bronchial spasms, sores in the nose and mouth, strange and wanton conduct, shortness of breath, or sudden death.


The great power of drug addiction and you ruin lives and destroy families. As a parent who knows the facts about drugs and talk openly with their children about this issue, you will be able to protect the younger generation from the dangers of substance abuse.

KIDS NEED TO KNOW WHAT YOU THINK ABOUT TAKING DRUGS

You do not need to be an expert on drug abuse to young people in the decision to not to use drugs! When a child is thinking about whether to take any drugs or not, one of the important questions in his mind is "what will my parents think?". So it is very important that children know exactly what you think of it and you do not want them to take any drugs. Never.

When you talk with your kids about drugs, be honest, clearly and unambiguously explain that you expect them not to take any drugs and never. Some parents tacitly assume that experimenting with so-called. soft drugs is not so dangerous because there are many tried it at a young age, and did not become drug addicts.A young man of mixed messages: "You should not use drugs, but soft drugs are not particularly bad for all the people" is interpreted as a kind of tacit parental permission to experiment with drugs.

It is important to mention that often the dangers associated with drug use, their potential to correct erroneous beliefs about the "harmlessness" of some drugs or small quantities, and to explain to children the following facts about drug addicts and drug abuse:

All illegal drugs bring with them the risk and danger. There is no harmless amount, type of drug or harmless ways of using drugs.
No one can ever know for sure what actually takes.
There is no guarantee of purity or strength of the drug, and no one knows for sure when the drug is mixed.
No one can know for sure how the drugs act, even if it has already been used.
It is very dangerous to mix drugs and intoxicants srdstva, including alcohol and drugs are prescription.
Statistics have shown that most often starts taking heroin after prolonged intake of other drugs, and that a significant number of young people who start drinking alcohol for a 12-13 years, it tends to take and later heroin.
Different people may react differently to the same drug, and it is possible that the same person has different reactions to the same drug and the same amount depending on the current mood, mental state, or depending on how many times before taking the drug. (Nature and effect of certain drugs, read the previous issue).
Will pump some drugs in his drink, and so will my child become an addict!

Many parents believe that their children are mature, educated and of themselves would never have tried drugs, but they can happen to drug dealers want to make dependent, and so later on making them, thus allowing them to secretly inject drugs a glass with a drink at a party, disco or in a bar.

Something like this rarely happens! First, there is little point in a drug interferes drink! Second, even if this happens, a person who drinks a drug dissolved in the drink will not automatically become dependent on the drug, no matter what drug it is. Therefore, drug dealers would thus profit.

It is much more likely to have friends or acquaintances to try to persuade your child to smoke marijuana at a party, take a pill of ecstasy in a disco, or try another drug. Peer pressure is an important factor in the development of addiction and we need to help your children learn to say no in such social situations.

PEER PRESSURE

The young man is very important to have your friends and the friends with whom he is close. But the young and not mature enough person can easily fall into the trap of common feelings and actions. People in the group will often do things that would not have done that alone. So will a lot more screaming at a football game when you are in a group, but to come alone, or dress "wacky clothes" when they and other similarly trained group. But all this is usually not an issue, and membership in the group is a natural tendency of young people to society because they feel safer, more confident and better. But there is a downside to the aspirations of young people belonging to the group if the people of the society are doing things that are dangerous and harmful to them or others. The dilemma of a young man whether to conform with others in the company or not, is a very strong and unpleasant. If you do what others are doing, it may be later regret, but at least feel accepted in the group. If he refuses, then he feels isolated, "different", or "smart," which will be in the company of others ridiculed and rejected.

Many parents think that children who took drugs at a party and was nagovarana ubjeđivana you should try it, so they caved to pressure the company. However, young people report that it does not happen that way.They will try to take drugs with their companion, but more because they want to belong to that company, or do what others are doing, rather than what they had been persuaded to it or forced.

Therefore, it is important to prepare a young man how to react if they found in a society where friends are experimenting with drugs, or someone offers him marijuana because "everyone in that society smoke marijuana." It is important to teach children not only to refuse drugs, but also how to refuse. Some children find themselves in the uncomfortable situation when they say "No, I do not want to try it," because they think that they will be ridiculed society. Others, however, attack, criticize and pose strict parents digestion of those drugs, so we avoided the society. It is therefore useful to parents and children talk about how the child will say, "No thanks, I'd rather not," to remain firm in its decision not to take drugs, and that without feeling bad. Children need to understand Kolio is important to take responsibility for yourself and your own behavior and make their own decisions, rather than simply imitate others.

There are other reasons why young people use drugs:

* Curiosity, experimentation, boredom and a desire to experience the thrill of something new or
* Rebellion
* Depression
* Method of relaxation and stress reduction

Do not underestimate the impact your behavior has on children, especially if they themselves smoke, drink alcohol excessively, or taking medications without a prescription or drug.

Clear boundaries

Most young parents when they cost consult and permit them to participate in defining the rules. This will be more willing to take greater responsibility to them and comply with them. Once together define a rule that reads: NO to drugs!, Make sure that young people know what the consequences will be borne if we break it.

Define and agree on how young people can react when they find themselves in situations where they are offered drugs. For example, tell them that you will always pick them up if they want to and if you need to, even late at night. But it is clear to them and say that you would prefer to do not put in a situation where they could be exposed to illicit drugs.

And, do not forget the cardinal rule of good upbringing of children: praise their children for good behavior and always place the emphasis on what we do well. Encourage them to feel comfortable in their own skin, and show them that they are valuable people.

INFORMED ON DRUGS

It is important that you as a parent know more about drugs, to be able to talk about the dangers of drug use with their children. Many children can not take seriously talk about drugs with their parents who are full of prejudices about drug addiction, a wholly erroneous beliefs and do not even know the basics about the types of drugs.

"My parents are terribly afraid that I'm going to start using drugs, and constantly lecturing me about it, and have no idea what is actually marijuana, heroin and what!", Complaining that many of our young people who believe that information about the drugs they need more of their parents than them. The parent who does not know enough about drugs is very inclined to believe the many erroneous but scary "hearsay news" and often unnecessarily frighten themselves and their children, while, on the other hand, because of their lack of information about drugs can be overlooked or actual danger signs of drug addiction.


How do you know that your child is using drugs?

Rarely will you ever be able to be absolutely sure. Many of the signs that indicate that your child is taking drugs also be signs of God and for something completely different - a disease or disorder and emotional crisis. However, most of those present here are warning signs:
- Mood swings, depression and lethargy of the jumps in the euphoric, cheerfully mood.
- Red eyes, dilated pupils, persistent sore throat and nose, coughing, and when there is no cold, podočnajci, diarrhea, sweating, signs on the body of the needle.
- Excessive sleeping
-Increased activity, "excess energy".
Sudden weight loss or weight gain.
-The sudden need for money, the money disappearing from your home.
- Loosening in school, poor grades, truancy from school.
- Changing Society. Leaving socializing with old friends, and "the game" as some new faces.
- Staying up late at night, do not respect the agreement with parents about when to go back home, problems with the police.

If a drug can become a reality in your home

First Stay calm. I get angry and want to talk to your child while under the influence of drugs, you will not achieve anything.

Second When the effect of the drug passes, try to find out what happened and why your child started to use drugs. Is it out of sheer boredom and a desire to experiment, or there are other reasons. Ask him how the drug affects you take him and what was his motivation for it. Find out about the drug.

3rd Put it clear that you love him and care about him, and that is why it is absolutely unacceptable for you to continue on with the drug.

4th Do not waste time blaming yourself as a parent. You will not get much time to change the situation.Some young people will experiment with drugs even if their parents are perfect. I prefer to concentrate on is what to do if your child stops taking the drug.

5th Do not be afraid to ask for help. Contact the school counselor, teacher, doctor. There are specialized centers for the treatment of drug addiction, and help parents and family members. Do not hesitate to ask for help. And remember, it's never too late to help your child to overcome problems with drugs. 

What children's drawings speak?


Pens and pencils help the child to show his world reveal his character, desire and the way we perceive reality. 
The child's paintings and drawings show his innermost fears and that can hardly be expressed in words. Armed with paper and pencil, even the youngest children to their fears and insecurities are able to give shape and color, and in this way they alleviate.
But that's not all: the drawing is the most direct way in which the child interacts with adults, especially their parents. It is a primary means to express their discomfort or fear to seek help. It is important to recognize them because they allow us to get to know your child's psyche.



We know that with the help of children's drawings, you can find out a lot about children. Drawings are a window into their inner world. They often use drawing as a method of research, problem solving, giving visual form ideas and observations. Does the house have a little Picasso, you will find out to their 11 years.What are the normal stages in the drawing, and when you should be concerned, says child psychologist Gordana acic.


Through what child draft follow his emotional and social development, how a child is intellectually mature, and how it relates to the environment, people close to experiencing, his attitude toward the world and others - said Jelena Radosavljev, a psychologist at the Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade .
According to her, but about 15 months the children take pen in hand and you are the first drawings doodles, but the child enjoys the fact that the motor can be expressed. At the age of 20 months are beginning to be discerned, and some forms of child then begins to name what she has drawn. With two kids draw the human figure, so you go out of your head and hands and feet. With three or four year old child in drawing the human figure significantly lengthen legs and from hands to continue.
- What we are most in psychology to analyze the children's drawings of the family and this is something that most children and draw. Child family line by first draft of his most essential person, and that person goes to extreme left, the figure is usually the largest and most important for the child. If a child with this person closely, it will draw itself in addition to the figures, and then the order to draw all the other members of the family - Jelena Radosavljev story.
Sometimes the parents when a child is afraid of the draft family, but omitted a member.
As explained by our interlocutors, the child is aware of who has a family, but sometimes there is some resistance to the draft, especially if they are younger brothers or sisters, for a bit of jealousy. When his father left out, which is more frequently than mothers, their most common explanation is "Daddy's at work."


As seen drawing?

- Children do not draw what is realistic, but things the way they are perceived. With six or seven years they have come to school there and learning how to draw, but until then they represent through drawing their vision of the world - said Jelena Radosavljev.

There are two ways in which drawing looks - how a child uses the line (whether thickens some of the highlights and some areas) and to allocate things in space.

If a child draws more figures, and some devote more attention and effort, it gives the impression that he was the subject, and very important.

When a child is drawing a lot of shades, it often indicates anxiety, and if bold some parts of the body - for example, drew the whole human figure, but his fists or darken the bolded lines of the hand or not drawn it, it indicates that the child is not with that person can make contact.

- The most important thing is to observe the way children draw and omits what the drawing. If the draft itself without eyes or ears, this indicates that there is a need to tend to some things and wants to protect - said Jelena Radosavljev.

Sometimes the drawings are missing feet, which indicates that the child is an experience that does not belong anywhere.

When looking at children's drawing, must always take into account several aspects, first of all what the child did, the circumstances in which a line, in which age, because the three-year-trait not the same as a child of eight years. He says Jelena Radosavljev, adults tend to express emotions through color, while the children do not have this way of experiencing the colors, but are related to the one that has them pretty.



Warning Signs!

The monster with a thousand eyes, a little sun, and covered with a very thin and barely visible pencil line.They are all different elements of art that may indicate mild anxiety.

Move

If it is too light, revealing timidity, hypersensitivity, and often very introverted child restraint. This may be a sign of the need for more attention, approval and praise.
If the paper has many intersections presented characters and objects, your child probably afraid to make mistakes and not to draw a picture as good as other kids: be proud of his ability and skill and openly show him the love you feel for him.
When the move is over-emphasized to the point that a child with a pen or marker almost punctured the paper, it could be a sign of great vanity. However reveals much more aggressive and capricious child.

Color

Black is the color of fear, but also white. If the baby is blocking the clean paper or leaves a lot of empty space on each page, you may be afraid of emptiness or a need for clear boundaries, the need to tell his parents not long to go.
If priority is given to colors such as blue and yellow, it can mean jealousy (or the fear of losing one's love).
The color should be viewed in conjunction with the displayed object: for example, red-faced human figures can be a reflection of the repressed aggression and child needs to throw it out.

Items
Some elements may be associated with children's fears: monsters, but also mice, spiders, snakes, insects.
Often drawing blood, doctors or hospitals may indicate anxiety.
The sun is in the child's subconscious father. If it is obscured or too far away from the rest of the drawings, it may indicate the need for more communication with her father.
The house is a symbol of the mother.
Fiery red roof can be linked to aggression directed toward the mother figure, while the front door padlocked or large key can be a sign of fear of "attack" other people's wishes or a sign of the child (whose parents pushed) to the door of his home, his friends kept open.
Windows also play a very important role in a child's symbology: windowsills full of flowers reflect the joy and the closed windows or windows with bars reflect the fear of opening up to others.
The leaves falling from the trees represent the fear of loneliness and the desire of the child to be back quite a bit, secure and always close to their parents.
Pay special attention to the shoes, feet and legs: if a child draws parents barefoot, without the foot or leg, this could mean that there is not enough confidence in them and that they need more security.
Buttons are the umbilical cord. When you are very stressed, reflecting a fear of growing up and entering the adult world that is perceived as too aggressive.


Way of drawing reveals the temperament of the child

Shy child to pull the thin lines, while the child is very energetic squeeze pencil on paper. Imaginative prefer to draw circles, mild forms (round smoke from the chimney). In contrast, active child prefers corners, straight lines (spike trees).

Schedule of drawings on paper: It shows us how the child fits into its environment. Left means the past and devotion to his mother, father and the future right. Lines directed upwards represent the child's dreams, and turned down his daily life. Child is safe in itself'll put in the middle of drawing paper.

Choice of colors: Opened and used living child warm and vibrant colors (yellow, orange, red). Gently and calmly will choose cool colors. Draw a blue six years says he does not want to keep the baby.

Symbols: Water, house, sun, animals - the most common motifs and children's drawings. While drawing a cat or a dog, a child tells us a lot about ourselves. Maca which pampers drawing the child likes to be pampered and just. The house is a home from home and opening to the world. Open windows show a child's balance.
Family: Drawing each family member separately indicates its place in the child's head. But, if you do not draft someone and it does not mean lack of love for that person. So it can happen that a child herself draft with parents and siblings in the picture on the wall.


What you should know: Parents should not be to analyze each drawing as it will lose confidence and enthusiasm for drawing if you feel that it monitored. Stay with him and let him alone line. Because drawing is a gift to the child, so they should be proud of the drawing that you feel bad. Keep your child's drawings.They will reveal his little secret until 12 year. After that, a child's creativity is not spontaneous.
There is no miracle recipe for understanding and interpretation of children's drawings. For the analysis must take more drawings from one period with different themes. In them you will find the same signs of sensitivity, because the child is expressed through his work, regardless of the content of the drawings. 

Time to stay alone


It may be that your child has to stay home alone for a few hours. If in doubt you how best to proceed.Babysitter is not among the available options - and it is, but you believe that your child is old enough that it can be only for a few hours, and that it would be good to learn to develop independence (which is a great idea, unless the child is just not enough ). However, not sure how to handle your child, and what you would not be able to do that to him a little bit easier.


If your child has not yet learned to be just a few hours, you might want to start organizing his time. Make no mistake: we do not think it "Load" obligations to be fulfilled until you get back. If you pass to do things you normally do not like (for example, to practice tasks in mathematics, to wash dishes, wipe off the dust, get your room, throw rubbish ...), it is likely that it will not do any of that, and in addition you will feel lonely and will have a guilty conscience because mommy did not meet expectations.

Instead, suggest that your child can call the other guests or companions. Try not to think about it that will "bring down the house" and "to make stupidity" - accidents can happen, of course, but it's not likely that your child and his school friend or comrade demolished apartment. Leave in the fridge for sandwiches and material drinks, the children would not be hungry, and you want them to be pretty fun. Tell the child you will come back and try to be accurate.

If the child is quite alone, not a bad idea to call him occasionally (not too often that you would not think to control it) and to discreetly find out what it does and how it feels. In this situation, it is also desirable to tell him when you get back home and then to the right and back. When you arrive, you do not immediately see whether the crumbs on the carpet, and if something is spilled or stained, but hug the child, tell him that you missed and praise him because he was "as big" was only in the house.


Is your child ready to just stay at home?

Do you remember the movie "Home Alone"? The main message of the film is that our children are far more capable and resourceful than we about them, we think. Because of their need to protect them in all, we tend to overdo it by looking at them only weak, delicate creatures, even when they do not.

When it comes to your outings away from home and leaving the child alone in the house, I always think of his uzast. When a child can be left alone? Before 6 The do not insist that the child stays only if it really is not necessary. Remember that the first separation should be gradual and moderate. First, you will go to the store or to another place for a child to know that he is very close to your house. It is understood that their initial exodus can later gradually extended but never leave a child alone for several hours, without supervision. In pre-monitoring period is needed not only because of what the child can do, but also because its inner, psychological safety.

Offer a choice. ("Or I'll stay here, or we go along"). But if the child is not very just to stay in the apartment - do not push. No matter how much you may be convinced that it can and should remain only if the child has expressed fear - not primoravajte it, because a lot of risk. I'd rather wait a while and try again.

There are several factors that affect your child's independence and its ability to stay home alone.

Room of her own. Children who have their own room, so do not play in their room, where they spend as much as mom and dad. This attitude and keep children when they go to school. Most parents, in fact, a natural place for a desk sees his championship in his room, even though the entire first grade children sit it in some other table (the dining room or kitchen) writing assignments, in mom's presence. What does that tell you? Your children are looking for your company, and your room exclusively as a place where they sleep. Your room, your privacy and the need to be isolated from the majority of children have parents later.So, do not insist that all the toys are in the children's room, or that there is only doing homework. All these habits and the child will gain only, with your little help, but at the right time.

However, if your child wants to play in his room, and without your presence means that you will check the room well. As a child less - your control should be higher. Before the game starts to make sure the window open by accident, or maybe you just accidentally landed there scissors or other sharp object ... When you are sure that the child is completely safe no reason not to let it play out there as much as he wants. Of course, children have their own room and are happy to play in it without you, the easier it will accept your short-term departures from home. Even then observe the next few rules:

* Obavazno contact us before leaving. If you think that a child is playing and will not notice if you only a few minutes of going to the store - you risk a lot. Because, if you notice that a child does, his first reaction will be panic. Upon your arrival will long remember this trauma and I may complete sudden attachment to you, and not just the child that will not play in your room, but you will not let any of his sight, but literally, out of their hands. Such a procedure are essentially ruining your previous relationships of trust. In such cases, the child may feel betrayed, abandoned, confused, and no your subsequent explanations can not be of much help. So, no matter how playful child was in his room, he always clearly tell where you are going and when you will return (for example: I go to the store, be back in a few minutes.)

* Do not lie. If you go promising that you will arrive in a few minutes, so you no longer hours, they are doing the same, the above-mentioned risks. A few minutes can seem like a child of eternity, because his sense of time is not the same as an adult. Allyl, the fact that children do not master the timelines and how well you do, does not give you the right to manipulate.

* What if? If it happens that in those few minutes of your absence ringing phone, or a neighbor knocked on the door ... It can be a real stress for the child. It does not know how to behave, and is already widely naplašeno various fairy tales, movies and other content. The contents of the child does not know how to explain to you verbally, but they remain in their subconscious. Do not forget, that the power of fear does not diminish the fact that the fear is irrational. So, before you leave, no matter how short it was, I always tell the child: "If the phone rings, if you want to be told, if you do not want - do not hear from you." It's very important that he is not obliged to report Natura, it is enough for him, but exciting and stressful it would be alone. "And if someone is at the door, do not open ..." Skip the explanation that this could be a thief or a wicked uncle, and that you, in principle, never opening unknown people .... because it only increases the child's fear.

* Have fun ga. Let him video tape of his favorite cartoons, the visibly leave crayons ... before you go to remind him what all can play and have fun in everything until you get back. Of course, this detailed preparation of the child is much longer than just the time you'll be away, but it significantly reduces the time a child because you fear him, in fact, helped to design their own time without you.

* Sudden fear. When you first leave the child goes smoothly, it does not mean that you have succeeded, and the departure of one of his ever resolve. First, the child needs time to process and that your first trip. Do not immediately extend the time that remains only and immediately start to the day you leave. If you make a mistake in that, it can easily happen that just when you think you've overcome another obstacle (ie, that your child is taught that stays home) once it begins to be afraid, and resists your departures. His reasons may be irrational or ridiculous to you, but it is certain that the child is very serious. Sometimes it's enough to hear a strange noise outside his apartment so that it completely undermined the safety and readiness to be without you. Show patience and take a break in their short departures. Refrain from comment: You're a big boy, it's stupid to be afraid ...

* Older siblings. If you have two or more children, it is understood that you will gradually exercise to stay in a home without you, the most practiced with the oldest child. When it overcome their initial fears, it will be easier for you to perform the same action with a younger child. (Because you will leave the younger to older). However, if it is a little difference between them in age, if you are prone to frequent fights, quarrels, squabbles - mandatory before leaving the house mention an older child to expect that everything will be fine, he entrust this important task (children love to feel useful and responsible) to ensure peace at home, and her younger child tell you that you will be back soon, everything will be fine ....

* Kindergarten. Children who attend kindergarten are already used to a certain time to be without you. That is why they mostly easier to get used to them sometimes, for short, left alone in the house. This, however, does not mean that they prepare and your patience is not necessary.

Practicing their children to stay at first for a few minutes longer and then all alone, ie. without parents - you exercise their independence. As it is important to teach children to play independently, self-tie laces, wash hands independently ... for their self-confidence, healthy self-image, a sense of security and it is important to stay alone in the house. However, more significantly, the former does not meet this ambitious and expectations of their child. Be aware of his capabilities and ages. The ideal is to recognize the right time when the child is ready and ripe for such ventures and once that fails, it has already made a new, major step in its development. 

Fairy tales for kids


Mommy, tell me a story...

Have you ever wondered why children so they like to tell stories?

And even if this is not a fairy tale vacation time.
Psychologists explained: this allows to express their need for contact, recounting again and reliving what happened to them during the day.


They want to hear about things, and that our relationships are not explored or understood.
Attentive parents and educators understand the desire and amuse children stories and songs that were invented.

Those that children's pleas and give it little attention storytelling repressed and ignored, we should not forget the extent to which the development contributes to the telling of a child's personality, his emotional, social, ethical, and speech development.


Unjustified excuses

The classic excuse is unsure of the ability to find the right words:
I do not have time!

There are those who believe that the audiotapes, radio and TV quite adequate substitute for their stories.Wrong! Because persistent delay the story for tomorrow or some other time children become tired of repeating that the desire to achieve and never asked to slowly stop talking to them.

Time parents themselves spiritually impoverish our children.


Models of socialization

Telling a different story it is very important to a child's development because, for example, the first rhyming poems and rhyming stories convey the love and comfort, encouraging your child to contact and communicate with others. Stories about the environment and specific areas of knowledge transfer and information about the nature of human life, foster children's observation, curiosity and provide new knowledge.
Story problem child nude models of socialization, behavioral models in the group and the company, help in growing up.
Also, teach your child how to deal with feelings, overcome fears and anxieties, to feel joy, sadness, worry ...

Fantastic stories are indispensable condition for the development of imagination and creativity, and make a living fairy tale power and the triumph of good over evil, showing the ways in which evil can win and how it can save you from danger. Teach children to believe in the forces of good and overcome hatred.

Although many parents are tireless in devising their own stories, there are those who would rather reach for books that contain stories for children.

Younger children should be more talk and less readable.

As they grow, you should switch to a combination of reading and talking to all pre-school age, they become mature enough to understand what is read.

Before reading to children, every parent should read the previous story in order to assess whether the content current interests of the children and their comprehension.
It should provide enough time to talk, but also for possible child issues, talk, explanations ...

Parents should know how to select the right time to talk in order to create a good atmosphere for listening.

It is recommended to read just one story, regardless of the child's pleas that he be told that story yet.

You should pay attention to the voice interpretation, because in this way enriches children's vocabulary.


Important is individual access to the child.

How to choose

Lists of books for children "such and such age," that is, they can be useful, but not the only starting point.The impact of the incident on the children of the same age can be very different, but also because of their ability to monitor and different understandings.
Of course it now raises the question of how parents can handle and how to choose appropriate literature for children.
It is well known that children can get into the story if the narrator presents the perspective of the child, respecting the uniqueness of children's world, if it is a starting point for talking children's reality, but without going to the extreme disfiguring the world.
Clear that all these requirements difficult to meet.
However, any parent can suggest thoughts, feelings and desires of the child, and in this way our children actually learn what story they want to offer them.

Deepening actions

Kids usually follow the story very closely and course of action, and expression in storytelling. On the way to continue a conversation with your child about re-told, should depend on his reaction to the occupation and it shows.

Parents and educators should deepen seamlessly retold in the following ways:

* Common game prepričanog related to the topic, prepared the things that come dramatization (for example, the Indian flagship, pismonošina bag), prepared materials for the creation of the theme of the story

Occasionally questions or originating point of the story

* Insert famous rhymed verses or parts of the story in everyday situations,

* Reference to a current event that may be a starting point for discussion

* Using the box in the box to save many valuable things (precious stones that dig dwarfs in Snow White) that I can always re-visit, the occasional repetition of the story ...

If the narrator in this way helps children to deepen their thoughts on pročitanome, stories, poems and fairy tales will become their mental treasure, and some characters from the stories of friends and role models.


The myth of Santa Claus is useful for children

Stories of Santa Claus to children who are told they are good because they develop the concepts of good and evil, according to a study to be published in the journal Psychiatric Bulletin.
"Talking to children about Santa Claus is a valuable asset to parents because it increases the level of morality of children believe that Santa knows whether they were good or bad," explained the doctor Lynda Breen, founder of the research, who works at Alder Hey Children's Hospital in Liverpool.

In the same journal psychiatrist Mark Salter regret the importance of myth and magic, especially the legend of Santa Claus, vanished in a society that emphasizes the reality.


From the experts

Talk to him

The narrator will stimulate the imagination of young listeners, to arouse righteous ideas, clarify and deepen the experience and encourage them to action only if the child feels like the center of the world. Storytelling will, therefore, only child pričinjavati joy:

If you feel that the story speaks to him and it just finds the world he knew.
This happens in the story, which tells of a child who has had a bad day, the child's name is inserted, seamlessly incorporate their habits and desires, if we're talking about things that are known to him, if the story has details on which recognizes its own environment and everyday life, and if you compare with each other famous events.

If the narrator try to visualize clearly what a story.
This happens if his own story also presents (for example, where a story about a doll lap), his words followed modest view, gestures and facial expressions, tone of voice and adjust the intonation of the content of the story so expressive mimic the sounds of animals polls, the whistle of the wind, the story that spoke about a child unfamiliar surroundings complemented by well-made picture books, photographs and drawings.

If the narrator is closely following children's spontaneous reaction modeling, it follows that part of his game or spontaneous dramatization and the like.

Mr. sc. Vladimir Velički





If the child does not tell stories, I read fairy tales, and if you play enough, I miss him all his life. You'll feel it as an injustice that has been inflicted. Rarely think that a child listening to stories or playing a role in the game and leaflets. This is not meant only to sensitively anxious, neurotic child in play therapy which is almost inevitable part of the journey towards mental health. To make a story really took care of the child, she has to entertain and arouse their curiosity. But to enrich his life, it must stimulate his imagination, he must be helped to develop their intellect and clarify their feelings - must be in conformity with its anxieties and aspirations: it must be fully recognized its difficulties, at the same time pointing to the solution of problems that disturb him . The story must be linked to all aspects of the child's personality, without defiance, but rather recognizing the seriousness of his predicament. Adults who tells the story by inventing itself, must be aware of your words and must be accompanied by the child's reactions. The story is elected and instantly directs the child's mood. In fairy tales and children's stories as well as later in the comic book or a good movie is a town that fits nesvenim pressure trough passes and the child that gradually blends into conscious fantasies and becomes available to the child's mind.

Many parents believe that a child should be given only conscious reality or pleasant images that meet the desire - that it should expose only conscious side of things. However, such a simple diet of spirit feeds only on a one-sided way, and real life is not entirely bright. There is an extended refusal to allow the children to find out how much of what goes wrong in life comes from our very nature. Aggressive, anti-social, selfish behavior is triggered anger or fear, which has its cause. Like all of these phenomena and to understand and find their meaning. However, instead, parents are often aggressive or antisocial every child presenting as morally incorrect act. Even though they know that it is immoral to say not oppose evil whenever possible, they simply present the characters and events. The characters in fairy tales are not ambivalent - not both good and evil, as is the majority of people in real life. Personality is either good or evil, just to artificial polarization that reflects the spirit of a child solved by the moral dilemma. The child meets the fairy tale motif to say hero slaying a dragon or witch still hurt. The evil that is not without its attractions, which symbolizes the mighty giant or a dragon, cunning witch, an evil wizard, only temporarily prevalent.punishment of criminals is not only a requirement for a lesson in morality but a matter of survival. Life does not make sense if it was pure chance and surrender to circumstances. So, one must distinguish between good and evil, between the one and the one that threatens efforts to prevent it. In fairy tales, a brother stupid and stubborn, another smart and capable, one sister is beautiful and good, the other is ugly and vile.Setting the opposing character provides an alternative in terms of commitment: we want you to be good or vile. However, this is not only instructive opominjuceg-character-style 'crime still does not pay' positive hero already has a greater attraction than the negative, so that the child is about to mature in an age when people can grasp the actual size and feel pleasure in humanity, kindness , creation. Because those who destroy even if seemingly defeated, in relation to the objective set themselves, they lost their spirit and uskošcu internal accident. The child is ready for commitment to be good because it is the very nature of man, because what he really is the greatest happiness of the greatest burden. Has a fairy tale in which the hero of the fraud comes to success. Their value is not in the power of any identification (usually these characters are not displayed and unappealing in the world such as.: 'Tomcat in Boots') has already been prepared for real life, where are those who feel very insignificant for fear of them had nothing will turn on capturing the unexpected success of the fraud or power. Happy life as a prince and princess lived through eternity teaches that the establishment of a permanent connection will meet with the other person as possible, but of course the way to state this is a thorny and difficult. In fairy tales, not to speak at length about the joy and happiness in love as it is spoken at length about the difficulties they have gone through.Perhaps the experience of happiness for such a short confession. And maybe the silence of the mystery of love and ultimately necessary. Say not used to express the depth of feeling that the secrets of love. Pure act ljubavit triumphs, and lines remain quelled.

In order to achieve emotional satisfaction and security is needed maturity of personality, and she was not given at birth as black hair or blue eyes but is the product of power struggles of life and death power from the birth onwards. Safe place in the world can be found as a product of inner confidence in yourself and your value, but it can also be a result of running away from his own chaos into the crowd of similar individuals. A lone individual who manages to come up with your life in something making conditions, greater hero than he who wins in the group. The hero of fairy tales while I go, help his animal natures ... He learns to tap into the dark, listening, thinking. He teaches that we will not pay, make it big and when I am not to cheat: The rulers and sages are not given chance, she won only by love. Around the fourth or fifth year, when fairy tales or stories begin to exercise their beneficial effect is attractive say 'Hansel and Gretel'.Striving to keep the child's parents, although the time has come to face the world alone, forward motion caused by internal movement in the opposite direction, this story is only of secondary importance. effort to be a wicked witch threatens to dominate fairy tales. It is being quelled and defeated by his own recipe. What the child is frightened burns and transforms it into a victory of hope over despair. But fear of separation and abandonment and fear of death, which is located in this tale are not limited to a certain period of development. At all ages, zaludenost house by candy senitmentalno turning to the past, psychological and mnogoo engage older children, and the outcome of fairy collects them encouragement. Motif step mothers as substitute mother keeps the child is not a coincidence. Let us remember the importance of the relationship of a mother for a child to be accepting, warm, protective. In fairy tales, usually a jealous stepmother and jealous person is hostile to supraniku, in this case the child. The child is saved from, essentially inadequate mother, changing in many ways his position. Identification of changes allows the child to one of the same tale in different periods of life is understood in a way that suits them. For instance, in the fairy tale of Hansel and Gretel, malice and hypocrisy old witch Marica who wins just in the first part of the story passive and obedient to follow dovitiljvog brother Ivica. At one stage of development the child will respond to what is Gretel by Ivica safely back home since figured out that the way throwing pebbles ..In other, earlier stage, the child will love to be Gretel because she just revenge on the evil witch.

A parent can not be trusted to know where a certain age tale will be important for the child and how and why will read or speak a variety of fairy tales and stories. For those that it becomes contagious delight the child restraint. Loves to talk and read often. I certainly do not mean to but at some time soon, and the stories that at first they were not interesting it will become. Also adult interpretation, no matter how accurate they can be deprived child the opportunity to experience what it sasmostalno understand some meaning. When asked to place a child in connection with a fairy tale, or any other should be very cautious answer. It is wise to priupitati: 'What do you think?' and then, recognizing his experience to give an appropriate response.

PRINCIPLE: The child in the most appropriate way to resolve their conflicts, fears and difficulties in the game

PRINCIPLE: The children do not avoid fear - instinctively knows that he must bring it if they want to learn.

PRINCIPLE: The child helps himself playing - washes, clouds, food, use their dolls, teddy bears - in these games it is possible to see how a child sees parents acting for him.

PRINCIPLE: The child develops through the game motivational sphere, beyond the cognitive egocentrism, develops intellectual operations, and mastering fears more successfully control their own behavior.

PRINCIPLE: The child likes to read a fairy tale, but there is more to his telling of the story - the fate of the characters more similar to its position, it is the child more enthusiastically.

PRINCIPLE: same as adult interpretation, however may be true, deprive a child the opportunity to feel as alone understand a certain sense. 

What do you give a child?


Christmas and New Year holidays, birthdays, and celebrate other important dates during the gift-giving, in which most children enjoy. Visit friends or relatives still pulls the question - what children bring, what gift to buy, whether you will prefer cheaper or more expensive, more simple or more complex gaming. 


This dilemma is equally troubling and parents whose kids buy toys and by certain dates, as part of the equipment needed to grow up. The famous American pediatrician Benjamin Spock, advised that it is important that the toy is appropriate to the age of the child, whose development should not try to speed up complicated toys as a child, in this case, it is unable to feel, you can only hurt him. Therefore, the child should be offered a simple toy, of which, with the help of imagination to make whatever he wants.

Dr. Spock explains that the train is moving tracks, with all the right marks, easily bored child, because it can only be seen as rushing or dragging on the floor. Wagons with wooden cubes are much more fun, because toddler is able to assemble a train, with two dice can make rig, when he is bored deploy the cubes as they are more and other ships ... Due to the shallow pockets of parents, the child is still harder to buy a small car with pedals or a doll house. However, we should not forget the card from which the child mmože improvised bed, house, truck, castle, garage, doll house and many other things they can imagine, but according to their desires and fantasies. Of course, this does not mean that the child should not sometimes afford the more expensive toy, but it comes to mind when the boy a little older.


What children at a certain age the most fun?
Children between six months and a year like brightly colored items that shake or chew. It is important that I can not swallow or tear a small part. Between 12 and 18 months, children can have fun putting anything in the matter. Also, favorite small cars or animals mounted on four wheels, but it is worth and a box with a piece of string. Children first pushing her toys, and then pull them. Because they are a particular favorite with the wheel that pushes the bell mounted on a shaft and plays with pots, pans, and spoon the lurch last more than a game with hollow blocks.

When the child is closer to the second year of life, begins to imitate what they see others do about it. First, copy the parents to clean flooring, washing dishes, shaving ... After the second year, children become more creative imagination. Delighted with the dolls and their house, trucks, cars, and above all the construction.For these are the most rewarding pieces. Dr. Spock estimates that plays that can be used to build it is worth every child in the age group of six to eight years, more than a dozen other toys.


Adults complicated unconscious
When an adult playing with a child, there are often tempted to make intricate game. A mother who had bought his daughter a doll with a fully equipped hopes that her favorite dress, in order, from underwear.Now if the child wants a new doll dressed in a red jacket, you should not be surprised. When the little boy in orange colored sky and grass, adults will endure hard not to intervene. However, if too often react in children's games, kids tend to throw a new toy and return to the old. That's why Dr. Spock advises that it does not force the rapid development of the child, but to toys and games adjust to their age and stage of development. Otherwise, the child will feel incapable, it will only hurt him. (Baby's world) 

Children and pets


You have a child climbs on his head: he wants the house, so he wants the house (or cat, hamster, parrot ...).In some cases, the husband begins to incite simple, although generally not as realizes that this means additional responsibilities. You stubbornly refuse, because you already know what's going to mind: the first child will be delighted with pets and always will revolve around him, and then he will get bored and boring all over cleaning duties mezimčetom for a walk or run, and the like will be left you. 


As you already have a job over his head. So, better not. You love animals, it's not about that, it just is not at all like the idea to give a child a new "toy", then you should not bother about it.

However, think again, things do not look quite so. If you make an agreement which will all follow, pet in the house can be a joy for all family members and multiple benefits for your child. But how to achieve it?

For starters, before purchasing a pet requires serious discussion (and agreement) with all members of the household. The child must be clearly explained to the dog (cat, or what, but opt) is not a toy that you can throw into a corner when his boredom, but a living being of which must be taken into account - and that you are not under any circumstances agree to be the only ones who will take care of ljubimčevim needs. Arrange in advance precisely what will happen which obligations (walking, feeding, hygiene, pets), and from the start (as soon as you get a pet) to try to maintain the deal (do not take the child's responsibilities when it "skip" to do them, because they would then just "skip" more often).

If we all adhere to the agreement, the pet at home will be a pleasure for all. Your child will get a new friend to play with, and the children and the animals quickly and easily familiar, though, because of the commitments, the child will become more responsible and learn about the needs of other living beings around them, as well as the respect and fulfill those needs, and Not only that, pets are good for children's health - has been scientifically proven that children who have pets (or children who live in the countryside and surrounded by animals) have a stronger immune system and much less suffer from allergies of any kind.

Healthier and more responsible child, plus treat for the whole family - pets are not so bad, right?


Is your family ready for a pet?

Surely you've seen it in the movies - cute little Susie wake up on Christmas morning and finds puppy sits patiently under the tree with a big red bow around his neck. Suzy screamed with joy, ran to hug cute puppy who licked his face, and the two live happily ever after ...

It would be great if such a surprise Christmas always have a happy ending, but this is usually not the case.Actually happens next - three-year Suzi, who is too young to know what means taking care of the dog, cries the first time Puppy bites her arm while playing. Mom and Dad then take the puppy, put into a car and taken to an animal shelter (at best) or just leave somewhere along the road.

But it need not be so. With some forethought and a sincere commitment, pets can be a wonderful gift to your family.


Are you ready for a pet?

Before you decide to surprise your family with a new pet for the holidays, seriously reexamine whether your family is ready to take care of a pet:

First How old are your kids? Different pets are appropriate for different ages. For example, your četvernogodišnjak who loves cats is not ready to take responsibility for them. Just because a child asks you to buy him a cat, does not mean that they are ready to take care of her. Would be more appropriate animal guinea pig, which is easier on the care and likes to cuddle and hold and rarely bites.

Second Do you really want your kids a pet? Kids love animals, but I do not want them to all the children in the house. Contrary to popular belief, every boy wants or needs a dog. Just because your little game with a poodle at Grandma's or at your friend does not mean it was ready to take care of him all day.

3rd Have you thought about the cost? It's one of the things people often overlook. For instance, a small dog costs an average of 2 400 kuna per year. And it's just food! And there are additional costs for vaccinations, evenutalne disease, collar, leash, toys ....

4th Are you committed? Pets are not a commodity that you can take home, try and come back if you do not like! When you come to your home you assume that you will take care of this animal for the rest of her life.If your child is 10 years old, remember that the animal will be with you when your son or daughter off to college. Cats can live to be at least 15 years, and there are those who have experienced for 21 years. You must understand that this is a lifelong commitment, which includes vet visits, food necessary for the care, but also the time and love that you spend on your pet.

5th Are you educated about what animals bring with them? Do not forget that the animals - animals. This means that you will clean the feces and vomit, have scratched furniture, collected hair, go for a walk at least twice (the dog) if you live in an apartment and everything else that the animals bring with them. Be prepared to deal with such matters.

6th Do not get a pet to teach your child responsibility. If your child is not responsible, the animal may be harmed. On the contrary, it is a good way of rewarding responsibility.


How to plan a surprise

OK, well you thought about everything and everybody ready. Now what? Probably not the best solution to Frodo and Miki waiting under the tree on Christmas morning - and, of course, do not ever wrap the package, as is often seen on television.

Before you choose an animal, engage the entire family in choosing the type, size and breed of the animal.There are many ways you can get information that would breed types and their characteristics most appropriate for your family.

Once you get the idea you're looking for, where should you go? The first places that you should look at the animal shelter. By adopting an abandoned animal, such animal will give a new chance.

But that's not the only reason to opt for a shelter. The cost is lower, and the people who work there are in this business to help animals and found them a good home, not because of money. They also have a good selection of animals and knowledge that will help you be confident in Selecting the right animal for your family.


The whole experience can turn into an exceptional experience for your children. It's fun to surprise you, but it's even more fun when the kids turn the whole process.

When you do everything right, your child will most likely end up with a friend and companion in the long run.


Allowed for any age

Under 3 years - If you have a pet, focus on getting to know your baby with existing pets. It is not suitable period for new pets.
3 to 5 years - Guinea pigs are a good choice because they prefer to be kept in the hands and cuddle, rarely bite and hiss when they are excited or happy. Your child can help by changing the bowls with water or food.
5 to 10 years - Choose some animals in confined spaces, such as mice or fish. Kids can clean cages with adult help, but you still need to check for animal food and water and that the cage is properly closed.
10 to 13 years - Your child is now ready to take care of a dog, cat or rabbit. The child can help with feeding the animals, walking the dog, cleaning the rabbit cage or cat litter, but you still need to check if there are animals all she needs.
14 to 17 years - now your child probably has a lot more activity with which they face less time for a pet.Birds and fish are good choices. Remember, the animal will most likely stay with you when your child goes to college. 

Stuttering in children


Stuttering develops learning different languages ​​and non-speech behavior, becoming a learned behavior. The knowledge that something can be learned by learning some other change is the underlying basis of stuttering therapy. New learning conditions and corroboration fluency, delete the old speech patterns, and the place of speech netečnog tense and eventually comes fluent speech. 


Given the variety of factors that cause or increase the stuttering, the necessary changes in the child's environment and creating a positive verbal interaction between parent - child. This requires close cooperation between parents and therapists to jointly address a situation in which a child speaking a stutter and those situations in which a child is smoothest.

The frequency and severity of stuttering vary. Sometimes a child will speak without difficulty, usually when talking to himself, or with their favorite animals while singing. Also, many people do not stutter when they speak with the voice of another person, when they speak and write at the same time, when you say the deeper tone of voice, imitating someone's speech or use some of the techniques for achieving speech fluency. Stuttering can disappear completely for a long time and then come back in full force, especially in stressful situations.

Circumstances that can increase stuttering are:

• Fast hate violence,

• Ending child

• Bargaining what the child wants to say,

• Begin speaking immediately after the child finishes,

• bombing of a child with a lot of questions,

• insistence to join the conversation

• unrealistic expectations that are placed in front of the child,

• conflict between family members, about discipline,

• chaotic way of life in the family without established routines,

• experiences that forcing a child to feel humiliated.

How parents can help?

The first and most important suggestion is that parents change their behavior. This does not mean that they are guilty as a child stutters, since the causes are multiple, but I can try to change the way we listen and respond to their child, and to understand that a child expresses feelings with words.

You need to listen to more than the literal meaning of the word, because the child still sending emotional messages to their way of talking (emphasizing words, changing loudness, unusual hesitations, pauses, repetitions) and the way of looking while speaking. In this way, the signal is detected that requires intense listening to the child and showing love, attention and interest

In such cases, you should remember and do this:

First Listen patiently what the child says, not as he says and respond to the message behind the words;

Second Allow the child to complete a thought without interruption;

3rd Maintain natural eye contact until the child a story;

4th Avoid supplementing the child, some words are his own;

5th After the child's speech, respond slowly and unhurriedly, using some of the words that it used it, for example., If he says: "I see jjja zzzeku," say, "oh, you see a bunny, so cute";

6th Ask fewer questions (only one) and give him enough time to respond;

7th Slowing down the pace of life at home and spend at least five minutes every day talking with the child without haste, slowly relaxed (relaxed);

8th Find ways to show your child that you love and appreciate and that you are beautiful together;

9th Provide in-house calmly, relaxed atmosphere, everyone listens to everyone in the family, when one speaks and another hears so alternately. Stuttering should not be an excuse for a child to have a monopoly on talking and interrupting other people while talking.

10th The child must be learned standards of behavior, social values ​​and the kind of responsibility that is expected of him.

11th Consistency in bedtime at a certain time, it helps the child to get used to sleeping time, because the line daily from beneficial: rising, dressing, meals, sleep, reducing uncertainty in his life.

12th Make sure to have enough rest, as fatigue improves stuttering.

13th Old ways of responding to stutter as "speak slowly", "breathe deeply", "relax", are examples of unnecessary suggestions do not help, but can only worsen the problem.

14th Pause for 2-3 seconds after the child finishes the sentence, before answering his questions or comments, because it will be a model for slower speech.

15th Use simple vocabulary and sentence structure, in a light, relaxed pace, occasionally feed in the light reps, and if a child asks a question about it, tell him that adults sometimes make mistakes.

16th Whenever there are problems with the story, let me finish communication, let him understand that is an important message, and do not fight.

17th Allow the child to show fear and anger, and to jointly proanalizirajte.

18th If the child starts to talk to you while you are doing things that require concentration, tell him that this time you can not watch it, but listening to him carefully.

19th Count how many times have you said NO during the day and cut it in half. Restrictions should be provided with timely explanation.

20th Do not place unrealistic demands before the child, who has not come as yet, either in terms of learning, even in sports and recreational activities. Their day must not be overburdened with obligations imposed. They have to have enough time for spontaneous, relaxed play and socializing.


Is it possible to prevent stuttering?

General measures to prevent stuttering related to the prevention predispozicijskih causes for its occurrence. This means ensuring the conditions that promote normal physical and mental development of the child, such as enriched diet with added vitamins, physical exercise, swimming, breathing and relaxation exercises, walking, harmonious, peaceful and calm atmosphere, without family conflicts, verbal abuse or excessive indulgence.

Quarrels, mental and physical insults poor children are immature nervous system, and it grows numb, listless and frightened. Spoiled indulgence and lead to problem behavior of the child, it becomes a breeding ground for various discrepancies in the physical and speech development.

Children who have been fertile ground for the emergence of stuttering (weak, too sensitive, inherently burdened) require more intensive prevention. Oversensitive child should not be too excited very active games (especially at night), watching television and videos. By the third year, the TV should be limited to one hour per day, and to be selected with a clear understandable drawing pictures, content that takes place at normal speed, beautiful voice model, shows about animals and children. It is better to offer in return the children listen to radio broadcasts, audio plays and fairy tales, and songs for children, in which the speech of actors and singers clear, expressive and rhythmic. Commercials are harmful because they give a lot of voice and visual information in a very short time. Also, in today's computer games and aggressive content, and long sitting before the screen, should not be a substitute for family conversation and play activities with children.

Hypersensitive children should be protected from unexpected events that do not meet the normal daily routine (traveling, feasting, visiting amusement parks, etc..), But for them to be prepared in advance.

It should take care of our own way of speaking when a child is listening. It should be smooth, clear, grammatically correct, composed of expanded content, but simple and well-formed sentences, not just the short commands. We should not force your child to repeat words or whole sentences that are too heavy for him. When talking fast and stumbling, gently helping him to speak calmly and slowly, and if you falter not ask him to repeat it, but gently draws attention to another topic. Should not it be fixed attention on the faults, but he explains that he is able to speak properly and beautifully. You need to establish the rules of communication in the family, and teach your child to develop listening through reading stories, fairy tales and verses, encouraging you and just talk about them.

For a child to be separated predisposed particular time of day, at least an hour, when he is given full attention, reducing the story, and deals with his sedate games (creating, drawing), reading, walking in nature, does not correct his speech, not He points out the error, not a tease and not imitate his jamming.Sometimes it takes a child to point to voice the same if they are the result of negligence, but it does not fix the attention on the differences in the speech, but he explains that it is able to speak correctly and fluently.I always give him plenty of time to answer, do not hurry, do not ask the tough questions that require a rambling response, especially in the presence of others. Never should the adult guests to demonstrate "how smart kid" asking him complicated questions and asking to recite a long and complicated lines that are not appropriate to their age. Since the expression of uncertainty in the speech occurs due to the underdeveloped vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation, parents will help children by actively assist him in learning about the world, learning new concepts to enrich vocabulary and improving pronunciation votes

Parents should not differ from the normal initial sticking phenomena of stuttering, and at times can a speech therapist for help. When a child begins to repeated short speech elements, syllables or sounds, frequently with the change of pitch or structure of words, as is evident from the tension of facial muscles, raise your shoulders, swallowing air, sudden interruptions in speech means that require urgent intervention to speech and language stuttering becomes a habit and traumatizes the child. And that is most beneficial to keep calm and unconcerned behavior, not teaching children how to speak. This would only achieve a negative osvešćavanje difficulties in children.

Ph. D. degree in special education Milivojka Markovic - speech therapist

Source: yumama.com


What is stuttering?

Stuttering (balbuties) is a fluency disorder that prevents the normal flow of speech. Everyone is sometimes disfluentan, but what really makes a person who stutters is different from a normal voice disfluencijama the type and frequency of these disfluencija. Stuttering is a complex disorder that is manifested by an above-average number of voice disfluencija, but may include a number of additional communication, emotional and behavioral disorders. Stuttering is, therefore, a multidimensional problem affecting the person as a whole and apart from the obvious speech difficulties may involve negative feelings and perceptions of people who stutter, such as humiliation, shame, guilt, anxiety, frustration, lack of confidence and a sense of inferiority. Many of the features visible stuttering related to the lessons, often maladaptive behaviors that a person who stutters is used to avoid or postpone stuttering.

Stuttering characteristics are reflected in the following:

Repeats or repeat votes (bbb-bike), syllables (ku-ku-house), parts of words (bin-basket-basketball), whole words and phrases.

Prolongation or unnatural pronunciation votes or long syllables (aaaaaaautomobil)

Inadequate pause, hesitation or voiceless delays in the flow of speech arising from blocking airflow

Speech in sudden jerks, and people trying to initiate or sustain phonation

Irregular breathing

Avoiding the party is looking into the eyes

Avoidance of certain words and everyday speaking situations

Negative feelings such as humiliation, frustration, a sense of inferiority, etc.. (In the later stages of the disorder)

Other reactions associated with stuttering, resp. reactions that accompany stuttering such as muscle tension, lips, jaw, and / or neck, quivering lips, jaw and / or tongue while trying to start a speech, nervously tapping his foot on the floor, eyes blinking, head twitches and tics different (and all in order to avoid stuttering). There are many such reactions, which vary with each individual.

Variability in the severity of stuttering, as the voice of the situation, the other person and the message that is trying to convey. It may happen that a person who stutters speaks fluent in speech therapy clinic than at school or at work, or that he has no trouble expressing what he wants for dinner at home, but there are considerable difficulties when ordering a meal in a restaurant. Conversations with a spouse can be easier than with the employer. A person can be completely fluent when singing, but have significant speech difficulties during a phone conversation, etc..

A sense of loss of control. A person who stutters can experience the fear of certain words, sounds or situations, fear of stuttering, and a sense of embarrassment and shame. Certain sounds and words can be avoided. The word, which people think it's hard to say, can be replaced another, or a particular speech situation can be avoided entirely. For example, a person who stutters may still be waiting for someone else to answer the phone, or visiting the shops rather than an hour to ask the seller where you can find a certain thing. Such reactions to stuttering occur in the later stages of the disorder.

Normal disfluencije

Everyone is sometimes disfluentan in terms of prolongation or repetition of certain words and exclamation points. But disfluencije in people who do not stutter are not as frequent as in those who stutter. Generally speaking, there are the different types of disfluencija. Normal disfluencije mostly consist of repetitions of whole words or syllables like mind and also, while the characteristic stuttering repetition and prolongation of votes and records. Approximately 7-10% of the average person's speech disfluentno. When the speech of a person disfluentan in proportion higher than 10%, then it can be said that the person stutters.

Many children go through a period of normal dysfluency between 2 and 5 years of age. When these children disfluencija frequency can be 10%, and sometimes more, and they usually consist of the repetition of words or phrases and unnecessary insertion of different voices and shouts. The word is being repeated, with ease, once or twice, and the child does not show any tension in speech and often not even aware of their difficulties. It is believed to cause this dysfluency in children could be a combination of several factors such as increased development of speech and speech-motor control and external stresses that children face in the critical early stages of speech development. With the development of communication skills in a number of these children usually disfluencije disappear, but it does not always happen.

Causes

We still do not know for certain what causes stuttering. Various factors or combination of factors may cause people in different emergence of stuttering. Furthermore, what causes stuttering can be very different from what eventually keeps disorder or makes it worse. Possible circumstances that are likely to cause stuttering disturbance in muscle coordination of movements of speech, lack of control over cerebral speech functions, speed of speech development, the way in which people turn to the child and stress. It is impossible to ignore the potential impact of genetic predisposition.

It is known that children who stutter are no more susceptible to psychological problems than children who do not stutter. Generally speaking, there is no reason to believe that emotional trauma causes stuttering.Although the result of many years of stuttering may be some emotional problems.

Multi-factorial and dynamic nature of stuttering prevents the adoption of a single theory that would give a comprehensive explanation about the origin and development of the multi-layer disturbances. Stuttering is a syndrome that includes many uncertainties even for the most experienced speech therapists and researchers in the field of stuttering.

However, we can say that the root cause of stuttering is almost irrelevant. In fact, for most people who stutter ways of reacting, feelings and beliefs that develop after a stuttering start but made up a larger part of the problem. So it looks as stuttering acquired, or unconscious behavior. habit. Once the resolve negative feelings, thoughts, behaviors and reactions, then usually remains little or no element that keeps stuttering syndrome.

Rashness

Rashness, in speech pathology, manner of speaking that is marked by a kaotičnošću, rapid transitions from one thought to another, in most cases, accelerated speech, lack of limiting the basic ideas, the inability to develop basic ideas, abundant strange associations equal in importance the basic idea, there are difficulties in the matter of concentration, all of which usually manifests in oral speech. This type of speech in speech pathology is called rashness (batharismus) or eng. cluttering. According to the DA Weiss, "haste is a disorder of preparatory thought processes that precede the speech based on hereditary predispositions. Cluttering the verbal manifestation of the central language imbalance that cuts in all channels of communication." Because verbal features (one of the most common symptoms are delays in speech) is often known in the differential diagnosis confused with stuttering.


Some Facts about stuttering:

* Stuttering occurs more frequently in men than in women, at a ratio of 3.5: 1

* Stuttering is not a symptom of an emotional or psychological disorder, although it can be a source of stress and cause some emotional difficulties

* People who stutter are less intelligent than people who speak normally

* Stuttering is not learned by imitating other people who stutter

* About 1% of adults in the world stutter

* About 3 million Americans have problems with stuttering

* Stuttering occurs in all cultures and social groups

A person who stutters is considering a normal speed, although the expression of these thoughts may be slower

* There is no magic cure for stuttering

* Stuttering is possible to overcome the way that it is not a problem for normal communication

Source: http://mucanje.fateback.com/stojemucanje.htm



Stuttering is a hereditary

Usually considered a psychological problem, stuttering is most likely the result of genetic mutations that are included in the daily metabolic processes - according to a latest research geneticists.

Stuttering is characterized by the repetition of words or syllables, delays in creating sounds to form words and sudden interruptions in liquid speech. It affects more than 60 million people worldwide. Research on twins and adopted persons indicate that stuttering is heritable.

The results indicate that the most recent analysis of this unpleasant speech disorder is to blame ten different mutations in three genes and enzymes in their composition.

"The real causes of stuttering is much sought and hardly worthy of the attention of researchers. Would think that our results will be sufficient to convince skeptics that stuttering is simple - a biological problem," said Denis Drajna, a geneticist at the National Institute for Hearing Disorders and other communication problems in Bethesda, Maryland, U.S..

The study is based on data obtained after the experiments performed since 2005. year, identified chromosome 12 as "a particularly important factor in the development of stuttering."

In the latest survey, conducted on 400 people who stutter, Drajna and associates have identified specific mutations in the "long arm" of chromosome 12 that occur in people who stutter - but never in people who do not suffer from this disorder.

And identified three genes linked to stuttering - known as GNPTAB, and GNPTG NAGPA - play the same role in the body, which contain enzymes that help direct the other enzymes that act as cellular organelles called lysosomi and the ever "break" and recycle cell parts and refer them for further "koriušćenje".

Any of the ten mutations identified by Drajna and his research team, may intervene in the process, sending the target enzymes in different places and are forced to accumulate lysosome fractions of cells that were not properly "degraded".

Researchers have not yet discovered why this particular mutation causes stuttering but Drajna doubt that there are specific neurons "in charge" of speech in the brain that are very "receptive" to this anomaly.

Previous investigations suggest that the replacement of the enzyme could one day be a therapy for the treatment of stuttering. Synthetic enzymes could be injected into the human bloodstream inject - from which the cells could take them in and replace the "wrong" enzymes.

"Many people with this disorder claim that it destroys life," says Drajna. Although, however, the majority of children who stutter lose this inhibition with age, some the disorder remains for life.